The following is a glossary
of some key terms, concepts and acronyms used in the publications in this
and in linked web sites. The terms and definitions are drawn from a number
of sources including legislation, standards, codes of practice, guides,
reports and other documents. For translations into Maori of some of the
key terms here, see the English-Maori
Glossary of Occupational Safety and Health Terms.
If you have any suggestions
for additions to the glossary, please e-mail them to the webmaster.
| Term or Acronym |
Definition |
| OAG |
Office of the Controller and Auditor-General. |
| Obstacle |
[Aviation industry] All fixed and mobile objects, or
parts thereof, that may obstruct either the movement of an aircraft
on the ground or protrude into an aircraft's takeoff or landing path. |
| Objective |
A statement that indicates how the goals can be achieved. |
| Occupational asthma |
A disorder characterised by bronchial hyper-responsiveness
(BHR) or variable airflow limitation related to workplace exposures.
Many hundreds of occupational agents, including some inorganic and
organic dusts, have been associated with occupational asthma. Biological
agents include grains, flours, plants and gums, fur, feathers and
other animal parts, insects and fungi, drugs and enzymes, and various
types of wood. Chemical agents include chlorofluorocarbons, alcohols,
metals and their salts, and welding fumes. |
| Occupational cancer |
Cancer caused by an agent in the workplace, e.g. asbestos,
benzene. |
| Occupational diving |
Diving performed in the course of employment for gain
or reward (irrespective of whether or not diving is the principal
function of employment or merely an adjunct to it). |
| Occupational health |
The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree
of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all occupations,
the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their
working conditions, the protection of workers in their employment
from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and
maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to
his physiological and psychological condition. [ILO and WHO, 1963] |
| Occupational health and safety management
system (OHSMS) |
That part of the overall management system which includes
organisational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices,
procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing,
achieving, reviewing and maintaining the OHS policy, and so managing
the risks associated with the business of the organisation. |
| Occupational health and safety objectives |
Overall OHS goal in terms of OHS performance, arising
from the occupational health and safety policy that an organisation
sets itself to achieve, and which are quantified where practicable. |
| Occupational health and safety performance |
The measurable results of the OHSMS, related to the
organisation's control of health and safety risks, based on its OHS
policy, objectives and targets. Performance measurement includes measurement
of OHS management activities and results. |
| Occupational health and safety policy |
Statement by the organisation of its commitment, intentions
and principles in relation to its overall occupational health and
safety performance which provides a framework for action and for the
setting of its occupational health and safety objectives and targets. |
| Occupational health and safety professional |
A person with expertise and qualifications in the
identification, assessment, evaluation or control of occupational
hazards and risks, and hazards associated with occupational ill-health. |
| Occupational health and safety target |
A detailed performance requirement, quantified wherever
practicable and pertaining to the organisation, that arises from the
health and safety objectives and that needs to be met in order to
achieve those objectives. |
| Occupational health nurse |
A registered nurse who specialises in occupational
health. |
| Occupational medicine |
The study and practice of medicine related to the
effects of work on health and health on work. |
| Occupational overuse syndrome (OOS) |
An umbrella term covering a range of disorders characterised
by pain and/or other sensations in muscles, tendons, nerves, soft
tissues and joints with clinical signs evident to a medical practitioner.
Symptoms such as pain, discomfort, and muscle weakness may continue
even after initial clinical signs have diminished. The disorders are
caused, or significantly contributed to, by occupational factors including
prolonged muscle tension, repetitive actions, forceful movements and
sustained or constrained postures, which exceed the usual ability
of the body to rapidly recover. |
| Occupational physician |
A medical practitioner who has a post-graduate qualification
in occupational medicine. |
| Occupational Safety and Health Service (OSH)
|
A Service of the Department of Labour, charged with
administering the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992. |
| Occupational skin disease |
A skin disease caused by a physical, chemical or biological
hazard in the workplace. Contact dermatitis (see Dermatitis) is the
most common example. |
| Occupier |
(a) In relation to any premises or to any part of any
premises, means the person in actual occupation thereof; and
(b) in relation to any building or part of a building in which any
manufacture or trade is carried on, includes the person carrying on
that manufacture or trade in that building or that part. |
| Occurrence |
[Aviation industry] An accident or incident. |
| Octave band attenuation data |
| Mean |
The average attenuation at a particular frequency
when measured on a number of people. |
| SD |
The standard deviation of the data obtained from measurements
on a number of people. Standard deviation is a statistical value
that is a measure of the variation in the results of the measurements. |
| APV |
The assumed protective value of a particular protector at
a particular frequency. The value is obtained by subtracting
one standard deviation from the mean value. |
|
| OCDD |
octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. |
| Odorant |
A substance added to gas to impart a distinctive and
unpleasant odour to gas in the atmosphere. |
| Odour threshold |
The minimum concentration of a substance in air capable
of being detected by the human sense of smell. |
| OE |
Original equipment, fitted at the time of manufacture
of the vehicle, or a part supplied by the vehicle manufacturer. |
| Offender |
In relation to a victim:
(a) means a person convicted of the crime or offence that affected
the victim; and
(b) in sections 17 to 27 (which relate to victim impact statements),
includes a person found guilty of, or who pleads guilty to, that crime
or offence. |
| Offending zone |
The location where luminaires will cause vision problems
for office workers. The offending zone is on the ceiling above and
in front of the worker. |
| Offensive trade |
Any trade, business, manufacture, or undertaking for
the time being specified in Schedule 3 to the Health Act 1956. Examples
include: blood or offal treating, nightsoil collection and disposal,
septic tank desludging and disposal of sludge, fellmongering, wool
scouring, tanning. |
| Off-highway rig |
Truck designed to operate on private roads. |
| Official |
In terms of event management, a person involved in
delivering an event, who could be a director, manager, umpire, referee,
judge, steward or team manager. |
| Offshore |
Beyond the line of high water ordinary spring tides
along that portion of the coast that is in direct contact with the
open seas and beyond the line marking the seaward limit of inland
waters.
|
| Offshore installation |
Includes any artificial structure (including a floating
structure, other than a ship) used or intended to be used in or on,
or anchored or attached to, the seabed for the purpose of the exploration
for, or the exploitation or associated processing of, any mineral.
|
| Offshore terminal |
Any place in the sea where cargo is loaded or unloaded. |
| Ohmmeter |
An electrical instrument used for testing electrical
circuits. |
| OHS |
Occupational health and safety. |
| OHSMS |
Occupational health and safety management system. |
| OIA |
Official Information Act 1982. |
| OIC |
Order-in-Council. |
| Oil |
Any alcohol or hydrocarbon other than coal, natural
gas, or gas as defined in the Gas Act 1992. |
| Oil fuel unit |
The equipment used for the preparation of oil fuel
for delivery to an oil-fired boiler, or equipment used for the preparation
for delivery of heated oil to an internal combustion engine, and includes
any oil pressure pumps, filters and heaters dealing with oil at a
pressure of more than 0.18N/mm2. |
| Oil tanker |
A ship constructed or adapted primarily to carry oil
in bulk in its cargo spaces; and includes combination carriers and
any 'chemical tanker' as defined in [maritime] rule 141.2 when it
is carrying a cargo or part-cargo of oil in bulk. |
| Oncogenic |
Causing or encouraging the growth of tumours. |
| OOS |
Occupational overuse syndrome. |
| OP |
Organophosphate pesticide compound. |
| Opacity |
The extent to which a medium is opaque (not allowing
light to pass through). Numerically the reciprocal of transmittance. |
| Open path |
That part of a building's escape route (including dead
ends) not protected by fire or smoke separations, and which terminates
at a final exit or exitway. |
| Open-side carriage |
Skyline carriage that opens on one side allowing it
to travel over intermediate support jacks. |
| Opencast coal mine |
(a) Any place where any person works above ground for
the purpose of
(i) extracting any coal from the earth; or
(ii) processing any coal extracted from the earth at that place; and
(b) includes any place in which coal so extracted or processed is
washed, crushed, or screened. |
| Operate |
In relation to equipment:
(a) means to use the equipment; and
(b) includes making the equipment available for use, whether by hiring
or otherwise. |
| Operate |
In relation to a vehicle, means to drive or use the
vehicle on a road, or to cause or permit the vehicle to be on a road
or to be driven on a road, whether or not the person is present with
the vehicle. |
| Operating and maintenance system |
A documented management system for the operation, maintenance
and control of equipment. This system shall incorporate those parts
of a quality management system that are appropriate for the equipment
concerned and shall be audited by an inspection body. |
| Operating manual |
Documentation published by a machine manufacturer that
includes its operating range and restrictions, maintenance procedures,
general specifications, and other relevant data. |
| Operating ropes |
Moving ropes which are reeled in or out during hauling. |
Operating speed, 85th percentile speed (V85)
|
The speed at, or below which, 85 percent of vehicles
travel under free flowing conditions passing a nominated point. Free
flowing refers to a situation when a preceding vehicle has at least
six and a half seconds of headway and there is no attempt to overtake
a vehicle ahead (speed measurements should be made by unobtrusive
means). |
| Operation |
The active process of utilising an asset, which will
consume resources such as manpower, energy, chemicals and materials.
Operation costs are part of the lifecycle costs of an asset. |
| Operational flight plan |
The certificate holder's plan for the safe conduct
of the flight based on considerations of aeroplane performance, other
operating limitations, and relevant expected conditions, on the route
to be followed and at the aerodromes concerned. |
| Operator |
An employee who controls the use and operation of equipment
and who may clean the equipment other than in the course of servicing,
maintenance or repair. |
| Operator certificate |
A certificate issued to an operator of a business of
prostitution under section 35 of the Prostitution Reform Act. |
| Operator protective structure (OPS) |
A structure designed to reduce the likelihood of harm
to the operator by objects entering the cab of a mobile plant. |
| Optometrist |
A health practitioner who
(a) is, or is deemed to be, registered with the Optometrists and Dispensing
Opticians Board continued by section 114(1)(a) of the Health Practitioners
Competence Assurance Act 2003 as a practitioner of the profession
of optometry; and
(b) holds a current practising certificate. |
| OR |
Odds ratio. |
| Order-in-Council |
Essentially, an instruction made under the authority
of a statute from the Government. Issued by Governor-General on recommendation
of Minister under authority of an Act. |
| Organic material |
Any material that is or contains
(a) material derived from an organism; or
(b) an excretion or secretion of an organism
(whether or not it also contains material derived from a human being
or contains the secretions of a human being). |
| Organic solvents |
A group of liquid petroleum-based products, often used
as degreasing agents and thinners e.g. methylated spirits, kerosene.
|
| Organisation |
A company, corporation, firm, enterprise or institution,
or other legal entity or part thereof, whether incorporated or not,
public or private, that has its own function(s) and administration. |
| Organism |
Individual animal, plant, bacterium or virus. In the
HSNO context, the term:
- does not include a human being;
- includes a human cell;
- includes a micro-organism;
- includes a genetic structure (other than of human origin ) that
is capable of replicating (making copies) of itself;
- includes an organism defined under the Biosecurity Act 1993;
- includes a reproductive cell or developmental stageof an organism.
|
| Organochlorine (OC) |
A chemical molecule with an organic least one bound
chlorine atom. |
| Organotin |
An organic compound containing bonds to tin. |
| Originating aircraft |
Any aircraft about to be used on a regular air transport
passenger service from any New Zealand aerodrome, that has been emptied
of passengers and goods at the conclusion of a previous flight or
flights, but does not include any aircraft transiting New Zealand
or any New Zealand airport, in circumstances where passengers and
goods are added to an existing load. |
| OSH |
Occupational Safety and Health Service of the Department
of Labour. |
| OSHA |
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Department
of Labor. |
| OSMS |
Outdoor safety management system. |
| Osteoarthritis |
A chronic degenerative disorder of joints characterised
by damage to and loss of articular cartilage. Heavy physical loading,
with recurrent kneeling or squatting, is a predisposing factor in
an occupational context. |
| Ottawa Charter |
A charter for health promotion agreed to at the first
International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa, Canada in
1986. |
| Outcome |
Outcomes are the consequences for the public of the
activities of government. Outcomes provide the rationale for government
action. |
| Outcome status |
The final outcome of a file, e.g. settled, withdrawn,
not proceeding, etc. |
| Outdoor air |
Air as typically comprising by volume. (ai) oxygen
20.94 percent (b) carbon dioxide 0.03 percent (c) nitrogen and other
inert gases 79.03 percent. |
| Outdoor pursuits |
A subset of outdoor recreation. This term is widely
applied to activities that involve moving across natural land and/or
water environments by non-mechanised means. For example: biking, orienteering,
tramping, rock climbing, cross-country skiing, kayaking, sailing,
rafting or caving. |
| Outdoor recreation |
Refers to any activity done in the outdoors, spanning
the spectrum from gardening, to camping out, to four-wheel driving.
It can be mechanised, non-mechanised, involve risk or not involve
risk. |
| Outhaul |
Segment of a cable logging extraction cycle where the
rigging or carriage travels from the hauler or landing, out to the
cutover for the next drag. |
| Outer cordon |
A physical area surrounding an incident that has been
secured by some means to effectively control the entry or exit of
people and equipment from that area. |
| Outer packaging |
The outer layer of a composite or combination packaging
together with any absorbent materials, cushioning and any other components
used to contain and protect inner receptacles or inner packaging |
| Outlier |
Extreme value of the measured values which exceeds
the tabulated value at the chosen significance level. |
| Output/outcome |
A good or service produced, for example, providing
safety advice. Outcomes are results, for example, safer behaviour. |
| Outriggers |
Extendable structural members on a crane carrier used
to increase the effective size of the crane base. |
| Outriggers (needles) |
Cantilevered beams from which a swinging stage is suspended. |
| Outwork |
Refering to the sex industry, is where a sex worker
provides commercial sexual services in a client's own home, hotel
room or place other than a brothel. |
| Overall diameter (OD) |
The diameter of an unloaded tyre, mounted on its recommended
rim and inflated to service pressure. |
| Overcut |
In felling, where one cut of a scarf is extended beyond
the other (potentially dangerous). |
| Overhand planing machine |
A machine for planing or smoothing the surface of material
by passing it over cutters. |
| Overhanging pulley |
A pulley carried on a shaft projecting beyond the last
bearing. |
| Overhead earmuff |
An earmuff worn with the headband over the head. |
| Overlay |
A transparent, translucent or opaque self-adhesive
or clinging film that is applied to large areas, or the whole, of
a piece of glazing, including anti-glare band overlays and stoneguard
overlays. |
| Overload protection |
Means a device which prevents the crane from moving
into an overload situation by stopping all load moment increasing
functions. |
| Over-pressure protection |
A device or system for preventing the pressure in gas
pipework or in gas appliances from exceeding a predetermined value. |
| Over run |
(1) Where rope being spooled off a drum is allowed
to go slack; often results in a birdsnest.
(2) The tendency for the parts of a machine to continue moving after
power has been switched off. |
| Over spray |
Paint which during application, will stick to adjacent
panels not being painted or that paint which blows into the air during
spraying. |
| Over-wrap |
In relation to dangerous goods transport means a final,
outer layer of packaging that is additional to the packaging required
to perform the containment function during transport and is used in
addition to outer or sole packaging. |
| Oxidation |
Formation of an insulating layer of metallic oxide. |
| Oxidising |
Refers to substances that cause or contribute to combustion,
generally by making oxygen, and occasionally chlorine or fluorine,
available to the combustion. |
| Oxidising substance and organic peroxides |
(Class 5.1 Dangerous Goods)
Oxidising substances.
Substances that are not necessarily combustible, but may cause or
contribute to the combustion of other material, usually by yielding
oxygen, chlorine or fluorine.
Dangerous goods of Division 5.1 are assigned to a packing group according
to the degree of danger they present:
Packing Group I (high danger);
Packing Group II (medium danger);
Packing Group III (low danger).
Class 5.2
Organic peroxides.
Organic substances that contain the bivalent -O-O- structure and may
be considered to be derivatives of hydrogen peroxide, in which one
or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals.
Organic peroxides are thermally unstable substances that may undergo
exothermic self-accelerating decomposition and may also have one or
more of the following properties: (a) be liable to explosive decomposition;
(b) burn rapidly; (c) be sensitive to impact or friction; (d) react
dangerously with other substances; (e) cause damage to the eyes. |
| Oxygenates |
Alcohols and ethers added to fuel. |
| Oxygenates or oxygenated hydrocarbons |
Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen,
for example alcohols. |
| Oxygen-deficient atmosphere |
An atmosphere which does not contain enough oxygen
to fully support the body's metabolic processes. It is generally acknowledged
that an atmospheric concentration below 18% by volume is deficient
in oxygen. |
| Pacific Island population |
The population of Pacific Island ethnic origin (e.g.
Samoan, Cook Island Maori, Tongan, Nuiean, Fijian, and Tokelauan)
incorporating people born in New Zealand as well as overseas. Refers
to those persons who stated a 'Pacific Island' ethnic group as either
their sole ethnic group or as one of several ethnic groups they belonged
to at the time of the 1991 Census of Population and Dwellings. |
| Packaging |
(1) In relation to hazardous substances, means a container
that is a receptacle and any other components or materials necessary
for the receptacle to perform its containment function, and includes
inner packaging once its outer packaging has been removed.
(2) In relation to dangerous goods means any receptacle, container
or other material in which a substance may be encased, covered, enclosed,
contained or packed, which performs part of the containment function;
but does not include a freight container, a skip, a vehicle, a pallet
or other article of transport equipment. |
| Packeting |
A quantity of timber bound together to form a transportable
unit. |
| Packing group |
One of three hazard groups into which dangerous goods
of Class or Division 3, 4, 5.1, 6.1, 8 and 9 are divided for packaging
purposes, and that are ranked in a decreasing order of hazard: Packing
Group 'I' (high danger), Packing Group 'II' (medium danger) and Packing
Group 'III' (low danger). |
| PADI |
Professional Association of Diving Instructors. |
| PAH |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. |
| Paint |
A product in liquid or powder form which, when applied
to a surface, forms a dry film having identification, protective,
decorative or other specific technical properties. |
| Pallet |
Platform on which goods are stacked for storage and/or
transportation by fork lift truck. |
| Pan-life cycle |
Under the HSNO Act, controls that are applicable to
any or all phases of the life cycle of substances - generally irrespective
of the substance's hazardous property. |
| Pan pan |
Urgency marine radio signal. Used to indicate that
the caller has a very urgent message to transmit. |
| PAR |
Prescription Animal Remedy, a veterinary medicine registered
under the ACVM Act. |
| PAR |
Precision approach radar. |
| Parachute |
Any device, without a motor in operation, comprising
a flexible drag, or lift/drag, surface from which a load is suspended
by shroud lines capable of controlled deployment from a packed condition. |
| Parachute assembly |
Any parachute and its associated harness and container
system and other component parts for use by persons. |
| Paraesthesia |
Abnormal sensations in the skin caused by an external
stimulus, e.g. an insect bite. |
| Paraglider |
A hang glider with no rigid primary structure. |
| Paramedic |
An ambulance officer with advanced life support skills. |
| Para-occupational exposure |
Indirect exposure to a hazardous substance brought
from the workplace to another place. |
| Parenteral |
Term applied to the administration of drugs by any
other route other than by the mouth or by the bowel. |
| Parking brake |
A brake readily applicable and capable of remaining
applied for an indefinite period without further attention. |
| Parkinson's disease |
A neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous
system associated with damage to the substantia nigra. Persons with
the disease characteristically have slow and decreased movement, muscular
rigidity, tremor and postural instability. The only known causative
occupational exposure is manganese, although pesticides have been
strongly implicated. |
| Particulates |
A generic term to refer to aerosols such as dust, mists,
smoke and fumes. |
| Parting off |
The process of cutting off a length from the workpiece
in a lathe, using a parting tool. |
| Pascal |
The SI unit of pressure. (See also mm Hg). 101.25 kPa
= 1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg. |
| Pascal-squared hours (Pa2h) |
A measure of the noise exposure of a person. It is
an alternative means of stating how much noise to which a person has
been exposed. A noise exposure level of 85 dB(A) is the same as 1
Pa2h. |
| Pass chain |
A chain which is used to pull or hold a rope. |
| Pass block |
Light-weight block hung at the top of a support tree
and used to lift the skyline block/jack and other gear in rigging
the tree. |
| Passenger |
Any person carried on a ship, other than:
(a) the master and members of the crew, and any other person employed
or engaged in any capacity on board the ship on t he business of the
ship:
(b) a person on board the ship either in pursuance of an obligation
laid upon the master to carry shipwrecked, distressed, or other persons,
or by reason of any circumstances that neither the master nor the
owner nor the charterer (if any) could have prevented or forestalled:
(c) a child under the age of 1 year. |
| Passenger ropeway |
A cableway or ropeway:
(a) to which the motion of machinery is transmitted; and
(b) that is or could be used for conveying in a horizontal or inclined
plane persons who are
(i) on skis; or
(ii) supported by chairs; or
(iii) in enclosed cars that are attached to or supported by a moving
cable or rope; or attached to a moving cable or rope but supported
by a standing cable or rope or some other overhead structure. |
| Passenger vehicle |
A vehicle constructed primarily for the carriage of
passengers. |
| Passenger service vehicle (PSV) |
A vehicle used to carry passengers for hire or reward,
or a passenger vehicle with 13 or more seats or any heavy vehicle
with 10 seats or more. |
| Passive inhalation |
Inhalation of smoke and its contents by individuals
not smoking at the time but who take into their airways smoke drifting
from other people's cigarettes. |
| Passive monitor |
A device which samples the atmosphere by molecular
diffusion, with analyte being adsorbed by an adsorbent medium within
the sampler; the total mass of analyte collected is proportional to
both average analyte concentration in the air and the time for which
the sampler is exposed. |
| Pasteurisation |
The application of a heat treatment to food that is
intended to destroy vegetative forms of pathogenic micro-organisms,
reduce or destroy vegetative forms of micro-organisms that cause spoilage
or that interfere with desirable fermentations. |
| Pasting |
The process in the manufacture of accumulators whereby
a mixture containing any oxide of lead or other lead product is added
to the plates. |
| Pathogenicity |
The quality of producing, or the ability to produce,
pathological changes of disease. |
| Pathology |
That branch of medicine which treats of the essential
nature of disease, especially of the structural and functional changes
in tissues and organs of the body which cause or are caused by disease.
The structural and functional manifestations of disease. |
| Pattern |
Model of a part which is to be made by casting. Must
be bigger than the required size to allow for the molten metal to
shrink, due to cooling, after it solidifies. |
| Payload |
Net weight of the load of a loaded vehicle; gross
minus tare weight. |
| Payload capacity |
The gross vehicle mass of a vehicle less its unladen
mass. |
| Payload capacity |
(aircraft) Means:
(1) when a maximum zero fuel weight is not prescribed, the maximum
certificated takeoff weight of an aircraft, less the empty weight,
less all justifiable aircraft equipment, and less the operating load
consisting of -
(i) the minimum weight of fuel required under the CAR for a flight
between domestic points 174 nm apart, assuming VFR weather conditions;
and
(ii) the lesser of the maximum oil capacity as specified on the Type
Certificate Data Sheet or 160 kg of oil; and
(iii) required flight crew members at 91 kg per crew member; and
(iv) required catering supplies; or
(2) when a maximum zero fuel weight is prescribed, the maximum zero
fuel weight less the empty weight that, except for disposable fuel
and oil, consists of:
(i) all justifiable aircraft equipment, and the operating load; and
(ii) minimum flight crew at 91 kg per crew member; and
(iii) required catering supplies. |
| Pawl |
A small pivoted lever which engages in the teeth of
a ratchet wheel to prevent it turning backwards. |
| PbB |
Lead in blood; measured in microgram of lead per decilitre
of blood, µg/dl. |
| PbD |
Lead in dust; measured in microgram of lead per gram
of dust µg/g (same as mg/kg or ppm). |
| PbS |
Lead in soil; measured in microgram of lead per gram
of soil, µg/g (same as mg/kg or ppm). |
| PCBs |
Polychlorinated biphenyls. |
| PCDDs |
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins - a group of structurally
related chemicals which resist degradation and include a varying number
of chlorine atoms. |
| PCDD/Fs |
Collectively the PCDDs and PCDFs. |
| PCDF |
Polychlorinated dibenzo furans - a group of structurally
related chemicals which resist degradation and include a varying number
of chlorine atoms. |
| PCM |
Phase contrast microscopy. |
| PCP |
Pentachlorophenol, a fungicide used widely as an anti-sapstain
treatment on wood from Pinus radiata in the timber industry. PCP contained
dioxin and other chlorinated organic impurities. |
| Peak noise level |
The highest linear (unweighted) peak sound pressure
level in decibels referenced to 20 micropascals determined by sound
measuring equipment with 'Peak' time weighting, as specified in the
International Standard IEC 651:1979. |
| PEB |
Post-election briefing (to the incoming government). |
| PEC |
The predicted environmental concentration, being based
on an exposure assessment to predict the concentration of the substance
which is likely to be found in a particular compartment in the environment. |
| PEC/PNEC |
The ratio between the predicted environmental concentration
and the predicted no effect concentration for the environmental compartment
under consideration. |
| Pedestrian truck |
(Sometimes called walkie truck.) An industrial truck
which the operator is intended to control while NOT riding on the
truck. |
| Pene, peen |
To burr over or deform the head of a component by hammering. |
| Peracute |
Very acute and violent. |
| Perceived risk |
The level of risk that is thought to exist by an individual
or a group. |
| Perceptual motor co-ordination |
(sometimes called motor performance) Refers to the
ability to perform skilled movement (e.g. tasks involving eye/hand
co-ordination). |
| Percolating hose |
Fire hose that allows water to weep through it. Weeping
helps protect the hose from fire damage.
A non-percolating hose does not allow water to weep through it. It
has a smooth inner allowing greater pressure and volume, and is used
to transport water to fires. |
| Performance-based approach |
The performance-based approach [to controls] means
that the objective to be achieved by a control is specified in such
a way that:
- it does not limit the technical solutions that can used to
achieve the control;
- a person can measure independently whether or not they are
in compliance with the control.
|
| Performance indicator |
A measure of the quality of a service. This may be
numerical or descriptive. |
| Performance monitoring |
Continuous or periodic quantitative and qualitative
assessments of the actual performance compared with specific objectives,
targets or standards. |
| Performance requirements |
Controls which say what is to be achieved (including
in measurable terms), without being prescriptive. |
| Performance specification |
The degree of performance required. 'How much, and
of what quality?' |
| Performance Standard |
An internationally recognised standard describing the
performance of a structure or material in a defined series of tests.
Examples are ISO, OECD, SAE, AS, and NZS standards. |
| Pericardium |
The fibrous sac surrounding the heart and base of the
great vessels. |
| Peri-conceptional |
Around the time of birth. |
| Peripheral neuropathy |
Term describing a group of disorders characterised
by temporary or permanent damage to nerves outside the central nervous
system. |
| Peripheral neurotoxins |
Substances that result in damage to nerves. In the
occupational environment, these include metals such as lead, mercury
and arsenic; organic solvents such as n-hexane, carbon disulphide
and trichloroethylene; pesticides such as organophosphates; and other
substances such as acrylamide. |
| Peritoneum |
The membrane lining the abdominal cavity. It is derived
from the same type of embryological tissue as the pleura. |
| Permanent gas |
A gas that has a critical temperature at or below
0°C, where critical temperature is the temperature above which
the gas cannot be liquefied by increasing the pressure. |
| Permit |
A written order giving permission to act, especially
for entry into a place. |
| Permit to work |
(1) Specifies
details of the location and type of work to be done, confirms that
identified hazards have been evaluated, and specifies the necessary
protective measures.
(2) See Written authority. |
| Persistence |
The quality of remaining for a long period of time
(such as in the environment or the body). Persistent chemicals (such
as DDT and PCBs) are not easily broken down. |
| Persistent organic pollutant (POP) |
(a) Means a substance listed in Schedule 2A [HSNO Act]
and
(b) includes a substance containing one or more of those substances;
but
(c) does not include a substance occurring in quantities as unintentional
trace contaminants in products and articles. |
| Person |
An individual, corporation, partnership, legal entity,
or business. Includes the Crown. |
| Person intending to work |
A person who has been offered, and accepted, work as
an employee; and 'intended work' has a corresponding meaning. |
| Person-years |
The number of years that a person in a study population
has been observed. |
| Person who controls a place of work |
In terms of the HSE Act is a person who, in relation
to a place of work, is: (a) the owner, lessee, sublessee, occupier
or person in possession, of the place or any part of it; or (b) the
owner, lessee, sublessee, or bailee of any plant in the place. A home
may be a place of work, but the person whose home it is does not have
the duties of a person in control of a place of work in relation to
it. |
| Person with disabilities |
Any person who suffers from physical or mental disability
to such a degree that he or she is seriously limited in the extent
to which he or she can engage in the activities, pursuits, and the
processes of everyday life. |
| Personal care |
Help with personal care, e.g. bathing, showering,
dressing (also known as attendant care). |
| Personal flotation device |
Any serviceable buoyancy aid that is designed to be
worn on the body and that is certified by a recognised authority as
meeting:
(a) type 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, or 408 in NZ Standard 5823:1989
or NZ Standard 5823:2001; or
(b) a national or international standard that the Director is satisfied
substantially complies with types 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, or 408
of the NZ Standard 5823:1989 or NZ Standard 5823:2001. |
| Personal grievance |
Any grievance that an employee may have against the
employee's employer or former employer because of a claim:
(a) that the employee has been unjustifiably dismissed; or
(b) that the employee's employment, or 1 or more conditions of the
employee's employment (including any condition that survives termination
of the employment), is or are or was (during employment that has since
been terminated) affected to the employee's disadvantage by some unjustifiable
action by the employer; or
(c) that the employee has been discriminated against in the employee's
employment; or
(d) that the employee has been sexually harassed in the employee's
employment; or
(e) that the employee has been racially harassed in the employee's
employment; or
(f) that the employee has been subject to duress in the employee's
employment in relation to membership or non-membership of a union
or employees organisation. |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) |
Any item of equipment used to protect a person from
hazards, e.g. safety helmet, safety goggles, safety belt and line.
|
| Personal samples |
Atmospheric samples collected within the breathing
zone of the worker are called personal samples. |
| Pest |
(a) Includes any unwanted living organism including
micro-organisms, pest agents, and any genetic structure that is capable
of replicating itself (whether that structure comprises all or only
part of an entity, and whether it comprises all or only part of the
total genetic structure of an entity) that may affect plants, animals,
or raw primary produce; and
(b) Includes any entity declared to be a pest for the purposes of
this Act by Order in Council made under subsection (2):
(c) Does not include
(i) any human being or living organism which affects only human beings;
and
(ii) any living organism declared not to be a pest by Order in Council. |
| Pest agent |
In relation to any pest, means any organism capable
of:
(a) helping the pest replicate, spread, or survive; or
(b) interfering with the management of the pest. |
| Pest risk assessment |
Determination of whether a pest is a quarantine pest
and evaluation of its introduction potential. |
| Pesticide |
Chemical poisons used to kill pests. Includes herbicides,
insecticides and fungicides. |
| P.E.T.N. |
Penta-erythritol-tetra-nitrate. |
| Petechial |
A small red spot caused by a minute haemorrhage into
the skin. |
| Petrol |
A refined petroleum distillate, normally boiling within
the limits of 15°C to 220°C, whether or not it contains additives,
that is intended for use as a fuel in spark-ignition internal combustion
engines. |
| Petroleum |
(a) Means
(i) A naturally occurring hydrocarbon (other than coal), whether solid
state; or
(ii) A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons (other than coal),
gaseous, liquid, or solid state; or
(iii) A naturally occurring mixture of 1 or more hydrocarbons (other
in a gaseous, liquid, or solid state, and 1 or more of carbon dioxide,
sulphide, mercaptan, or nitrogen; and
(b) Includes petroleum, as defined in paragraph (a), that has been
(i) Mined or otherwise recovered from its natural condition; or
(ii) Mined or otherwise recovered from its natural condition and reservoir
for storage purposes in the same or an adjacent area. |
| PFCs |
Perfluorocarbons. |
| PFDs |
Personal floatation devices. |
| PFV (Plastic-Filled Valley) |
Wire rope with plastic around the component strands
and filling the valleys of the rope. |
| PGDB |
Plumbers, Gasfitters and Drainlayers Board. |
| PGD Act |
Plumbers, Gasfitters and Drainlayers Act 1976. |
| PGDipHealMgt |
Postgraduate Diploma in Health Management. |
| PGDHealSc |
Postgraduate Diploma in Health Sciences, endorsed in
Occupational Health. |
| pg/g |
Concentration units in picograms(pg) per gram(g) where
a picogram is 10-12 grams. |
| pg/kg bw/day |
Measure of intake in picograms per kilogram body weight
per day. |
| pH |
A value representing how acid or alkaline a solution
is. Pure water is neutral at pH7. Acids have a pH of less than 7.
The lower the number, the stronger the acid (minimum 0). Alkalis have
a pH greater than 7. |
| Pharmaceutical |
(a) A prescription medicine, a restricted medicine,
or a pharmacy-only medicine, as listed in Parts 1, 2, and 3 of Schedule
1 of the Medicines Regulations 1984; or
(b) a controlled drug as defined in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. |
| Pharmacist |
A health practitioner who:
(a) is, or is deemed to be, registered with the Pharmacy Council established
by section 114(5) of the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance
Act 2003 as a practitioner of the profession of pharmacy; and
(b) holds a current practising certificate. |
| Pharmacokinetics |
The quantitative description of the fate of an exogenous
substance in an organism. It involves the processes of absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion (metabolism and excretion equal
elimination) of the substance by the organism. |
| PHO |
Primary Health Organisation. |
| Phosphocreatine |
A compound in muscles that releases energy for muscle
contraction. |
| Photoallergic contact dermatitis |
A skin condition brought on by exposure to light following
skin contact with certain types of chemicals, such as sulphonamides.
|
| Photochemical reactions |
Chemical reactions that occur in the presence of sunlight. |
| Physical hazard |
A workplace hazard such as noise, vibration, extremes
of temperature, manual handling movements and postures, and work at
heights. |
| Physical state/form |
Whether a product is in a solid, liquid, or gaseous
state at room temperature (20°C). |
| Physiotherapist |
A health practitioner who
(a) is, or is deemed to be, registered with the Physiotherapy Board
continued by section 114(1)(a) of the Health Practitioners Competence
Assurance Act 2003 as a practitioner of the profession of physiotherapy;
and
(b) holds a current practising certificate. |
| Phytotoxic |
Poisonous to plants. |
| Pickling |
Removal of dirt, rust, etc. by immersion in acid. |
| Picograms per cubic metre |
1 thousand billionth of a gram of a substance in a
cubic metre of air, soil or water. |
| PIEAC |
Petroleum Industry Emergency Action Committee. |
| Piezoelectric effect |
Production of an electric field by applying mechanical
strain to crystals such as quartz. |
| Pigment |
Insoluble fine particles giving paint colour and opacity. |
| Pillow mount bearings |
Bearings supplied with their own housings, adapters
and seals. They mostly incorporate self-aligning bearings which do
not require precision mounting. |
| Pilot |
In relation to any ship, means any person not being
the master or a member of the crew of the ship who has the conduct
of the ship. |
| Pilot-in-command |
In relation to any aircraft, means the pilot responsible
for the operation and safety of the aircraft. |
| Pilot vehicle |
A motor vehicle that escorts an overdimension and/or
overweight motor vehicle, and that warns road users of the potential
hazard created by the overdimension and/or overweight motor vehicle,
or its load, or both. |
| PIMs |
Poisons information monographs. |
| Pinch point |
A point at which it is possible to be caught between
moving parts, or between moving and stationary parts, of a piece of
equipment. For an arm, the distance will be less than 100 mm. |
| Pinching |
In tree felling, when a cut being made closes on the
cutter bar, trapping the saw. |
| Pinion |
The smaller of a pair of gear wheels. |
| Pipe or tubing |
A tubular material made to dimensional specifications
wherein a diameter is specified internally, externally or as a nominal
diameter. |
| Pipeline (petroleum) |
(a) Means:
(i) Any pipeline that was authorised under the Petroleum Act 1937;
or
(ii) any pipeline or proposed pipeline likely to be permanent and
used or intended to be used for the conveyance of any mineral, petroleum,
geothermal fluid, natural gas, or any other fluid that, at ambient
conditions, has inherent properties that may create a significant
hazard; and
(b) Includes any part of a pipeline or proposed pipeline, including
(i) any directly associated fitting, pig launcher, or receiver; and
(ii) any pressure vessel and its associated appurtenances, including
any compressor, filter, separator, coalescer, or pulsation bottle;
and
(iii) any natural gas cooler associated with any pipeline compressor,
pump, or tank; and
(iv) any appurtenance required for the conveyance of the product or
material in the pipeline or for its safe operation; but
(c) Does not include
(i) any bulk storage installation; or
(ii) any pipeline wholly within the boundary of the plant that the
pipeline is servicing; or
(iii) any pipeline between a bulk storage installation and another
form of transport that is not an extension of a pipeline as defined
in these regulations; or
(iv) any pipeline with a pressure of 2000 kP gauge or less under the
control of a gas distributor and used to distribute gas from the boundary
of the gasworks or gate station or outlet flange supplying gas for
distribution; or
(v) any pipeline or part of a pipeline offshore that forms part of
an offshore petroleum operation; or
(vi) any pipeline 150 mm in diameter or less that is not associated
with the production of electricity and that contains geothermal fluids;
or
(vii) any pipelines solely used for the purposes of conveying water.
|
| Piping components (pressure equipment) |
Means
(a) bolting, fittings, flanges, gaskets, pipes, supports, tubing,
and valves;
(b) mechanical elements that are or could be assembled or joined to
form pressure piping systems;
(c) dryers, expansion joints, flexible joints, pressure hoses, strainers,
traps, or similar devices
(i) that are associated with a kind of pressure equipment the purpose
of which is to contain all or any of the following:
- gases at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or
- liquids at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or
- team; and
(ii) including all items and safety devices that are necessary to
maintain the safety of the kind of pressure equipment, whether the
kind of pressure equipment stands alone or is part of an operating
system. |
| Pipeline riser |
A section of pipeline containing petroleum and greater
than 40 mm in diameter that (a) connects an installation to a section
of pipeline lying in or in close proximity to the seabed; and (b)
extends outwards from the installation. |
| Pitch |
Distance between centres of similar items, e.g. screw
thread peaks, gear teeth, chain rollers, rivet holes, etc. |
| Pitch |
In human hearing, pitch corresponds to frequency. Frequency
is the number of pressure fluctuations or vibrations per second, and
is measured in Hertz (Hz). If high frequency tones (e.g., 20,000Hz)
predominate, they are regarded as high-pitched sounds with low-frequency
tones regarded as low-pitched. |
| Pitch |
On a chainsaw, a measure of chain size. Measured as
1/2 the distance between any three rivets. |
| Pivot steer vehicle |
A vehicle with a chassis that is split into two dependent
parts that are connected by a permanent steering pivot. |
| PJ |
Petajoules. |
| Placard |
Any of the following attached to the outside of vehicles,
tanks, freight containers or containers for bulk quantities of dangerous
goods:
(a) an enlarged version of a label representing a class or division
of dangerous goods;
(b) a black and orange horizontally striped label displaying either
the word 'DANGEROUS' or 'HAZARDOUS';
(c) an emergency information panel. |
| Placarding |
Affixing an enlarged label (a placard) to the exterior
surfaces of a cargo transport unit, unit load, or overpack to provide
warning that the contents of the unit are dangerous goods and present
risks, unless the labels or marks affixed to the packages are clearly
visible from the exterior of the unit. |
| Place of work |
A place (whether or not within or forming part of a
building, structure, or vehicle) where any person is to work, is working,
for the time being works, or customarily works, for gain or reward;
and, in relation to an employee, includes a place under control of
the employer. |
| Plain bearing |
A bearing where the moving part is supported by a stationary
sleeve made of a bearing metal and lubricated. |
| Planing machine |
A woodworking machine that is used either for overhand
planing or for thicknessing or for both operations. |
| Planing speed |
On a jet boat, a speed of 35 kilometres per hour or
more. |
| Plans and specifications (building) |
The drawings, specifications, and other documents according
to which a building is proposed to be constructed, altered, demolished,
or removed, including proposed procedures for inspection during construction,
alteration, demolition, or removal, and also including (in respect
of construction or alteration)
(a) the intended use of the building; and
(b) the design features or systems which the applicant considers will
be required to be included in any compliance schedule issued in terms
of section 44 of the Buildings Act 1991; and
(c) the proposed procedures for inspection and routine maintenance
for the purposes of that compliance schedule in respect of those design
features or systems. |
| Plant |
Plant includes any:
(a) appliance, equipment, fitting, furniture, implement, machine,
machinery, tool, and vehicle; and
(b) part of any plant, the controls of any plant, and any thing connected
to any plant. |
| Plasma |
A body of ionised gas produced when a welding arc generates
a temperature high enough to enable a gas to dissociate into positive
ions and electrons. The gas in the centre of the arc is dissociated
into a plasma. It then flows away from the centre of the arc and reassociates
itself to produce neutral atoms, giving up its energy in the form
of heat. |
| Plate magnet |
A permanently magnetised plate, usually mounted in
the bottom of a chute. |
| Platen |
The work table of a machine, usually provided with
'tee' slots for attaching jigs, dies, or workpieces. May be fixed
or moving. |
| Play |
Slack or wear between two parts of a machine. |
| Playground equipment |
Equipment and structures, including components and
constructional elements, with, or on which, children can play outdoors
or indoor, either individually or in groups, according to their own
rules or own reasons for playing, which can change at any time. |
| Playing surface |
Surface of a playground from which the use of the playground
equipment commences. |
| Pleasure craft |
A ship that is used exclusively for the owner's pleasure
or as the owner's residence, and is not offered or used for hire or
reward; but does not include:
(a) a ship that is provided for transport or sport or recreation by
or on behalf of any institution, hotel, motel, place of entertainment,
or other establishment or business:
(b) a ship that is used on any voyage for pleasure if it is normally
used or intended to be normally used as a fishing ship or for the
carriage of passengers or cargo for hire or reward:
(c) a ship that is operated or provided by any club, incorporated
society, trust, or business. |
| Pleura |
The membrane lining the chest cavity and the lungs. |
| Pleural effusion |
A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. |
| Pleural plaque |
A non-malignant localised mass of tissue arising from
the pleura. |
| Pleural thickening |
A more diffuse, non-malignant, mass of tissue arising
from the pleura. |
| Plies |
Sheets of rubber-coated textile or steel wire cords
from which the casing of a tyre is constructed. A single ply consists
of a sheet of cord fabric or steel in which the cords run parallel
to one another and are insulated from each other by a layer of resilient
rubber compound. |
| Plug |
A fitting designed to be attached to a flexible cord,
which has exposed pins, arranged to enter and fit into a socket or
a socket-outlet. A plug will have 2 or 3 pins depending on whether
the appliance fed from it has an earth connection or is double insulated. |
| Plugged cylinder |
One in which a permanent closure in the base of a
finished cylinder has been effected by a plug. |
| Ply rating |
The term 'ply rating' is now used to identify a given
tyre with its maximum recommended load for its specific job. It is
an index of tyre strength and does not necessarily represent the number
of actual plies. The ply rating system is being discontinued in favour
of load indices. |
| PM10 |
Particulate matter that is:
(a) less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter; and
(b) measured in accordance with the United States Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 40 - Protection of Environment, Volume 2, Part
50, Appendix J - Reference method for the determination of particulate
matter as PM10 in the atmosphere. |
| PMS |
Patient management system. |
| PNEC |
The predicted no effect concentration, being an effect
assessment derived from ecotoxicity data to predict the concentration
of the substance below which adverse effects in the environmental
sphere of concern (ecosystems and communities) are not expected to
occur. |
| PECPR Regulations |
Health and Safety in Employment (Pressure Equipment,
Cranes and Passenger Ropeways) Regulations 1999. |
| Pneumatic cylinder |
Similar to a hydraulic cylinder but uses compressed
air as a working fluid. |
| Pneumatic tyre |
A tyre that, when in use, is inflated by air or gas
introduced from time to time under pressure so as to enclose under
normal inflation a cushion of air or gas forming altogether at least
half of the total area of an average cross-section of a tyre so inflated. |
| Pneumatic (machines) |
Machines producing or powered by compressed air or
other compressed gases. |
| Pneumococcal disease |
A common community infection. It usually causes respiratory
tract infection, mainly pneumonia in adults, but may also cause severe,
widespread infection. The risk of pneumococcal disease is increased
by exposure to tobacco smoke, including environmental tobacco smoke.
|
| Pneumoconiosis |
Fibrotic lung diseases caused only by occupational
exposure to specific mineral dusts. The most important of these are
silicosis, asbestosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis, which are
caused by exposure to silica, asbestos and coal dust respectively. |
| Point source emissions |
Emissions of wastes from significant, fixed sources
such as large industrial premises. |
| Poison |
Under the HSNO Act means a deadly poison, a dangerous
poison, and a standard poison, as listed in the relevant Schedules
to the Toxic Substances Regulations 1983. |
| Poisson distribution |
A distribution function used to describe the occurrence
of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated
counts in a time or space continuum. |
| Pole cap |
A steel cap fitted to the top of a spar, to which guys
and/or blocks are attached. |
| Pole strap |
A work positioning strap designed to be placed around
a power pole and attached at two points, one on each side of a body
belt, whilst the wearer is working on the pole. |
| Pole trailer |
A trailer that is attached to a towing vehicle by a
telescoping or sliding pole, and is designed to support a common long
load spanning between the trailer and the towing vehicle. |
| Polydipsia |
Increased water consumption. |
| Polymer |
Large molecules built up by the combination of many
small molecules through a chemical process called polymerisation.
These molecules can consist of many thousands of atoms in chains or
networks of repeating units. |
| Polyurethane |
A chemical linkage in finishes, plastic parts and flexible
parts. Polyurethane paints are known for their durability. |
| Polyuria |
Increased urination. |
| Pooling substance |
A hazardous substance that (a) is a liquid; or (b)
is likely to liquefy in a fire. |
| POPs |
Persistent organic pollutants. Organic chemicals which
are persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic, and transported by natural
and meteorological processes over long ranges. POPs are the subject
of an international effort for global regulation. They include, among
other chemicals, PCDD/DFs, PCBs and OC pesticides. |
| Population attributable risk (PAR) |
The difference between the incidence (or mortality)
rate of a specified disease in the total population and in those not
exposed to a given risk factor for the disease. |
| Population health |
The health of groups, families and communities. Populations
may be defined by locality, biological criteria such as age or gender,
social criteria such as socioeconomic status, or cultural criteria
such as whanau. |
| Port |
A coastal marine area within a harbour occupied by
a port company pursuant to a coastal permit issued under section 384A
of the Resource Management Act 1991, or pursuant to any other lawful
right of occupation, and includes any berth or channel that is agreed
by the regional council and the port company to be the responsibility
of the port company. |
| Port company |
A port company established under the Port Companies
Act 1988 and any other operator of a port facility as determined by
a regional council. |
| Port facility |
A location, as determined by the chief executive, where
the ship-port interface takes place, including areas such as anchorages,
waiting berths, and approaches from seaward; and includes fixed and
floating platforms. |
| Port facility security officer |
The person designated by the operator of a port facility
as responsible for the development, implementation, revision, and
maintenance of the port facility security plan and for liaison with
the ship security officer. |
| Port facility security plan |
A plan developed to ensure the application of measures
designed to protect the port facility and ships, persons, cargo, cargo
transport units, and ship's stores within the port facility from the
risks of a security incident. |
| Port Safety Inspector |
A Port Safety Inspector of the Maritime Safety Director
of New Zealand. |
| Port work or port operation |
Means and includes all and any part of the work of
loading and unloading of any ship as well as any work incidental thereto,
including warehousing, clerical, rail and road transport operators
and others that are employed within the port confines. |
| Portable tank |
A tank having a capacity of more than 450 litreswhose
shell is fitted with items of service equipment and structural equipment
necessary for the transport of dangerous substances whose vapour pressure
is not more than 3 bar (absolute) at a temperature of 50°C. It
is a tank that has stabilising members external to the shell and is
not permanently secured on board the ship. Its contents should not
be loaded or discharged while the tank remains on board. It should
be capable of being loaded and discharged without the need of removal
of its structural equipment and be capable of being lifted on and
off the ship when loaded. |
| Positive display |
A method of VDU screen character display that shows
dark characters on a bright backgound (like paper). |
| Positive pressure |
Condition that exists when more air is supplied to
a space than is exhausted, so the air pressure within that space is
greater than that in surrounding areas. |
| Possible carcinogen |
Compound that has shown some evidence for carcinogenity
in animals but for which there is no human data. |
| Post-border detection |
Detection of a pest after biosecurity clearance has
been completed. |
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder |
An anxiety disorder, beyond the normal response to
stress, caused by exposure to a highly traumatic event that has been
excessively demanding. In an emergency, it can affect both victims
and emergency service and other aid personnel. |
| Postural fixity |
The task can be carried out in only one working posture,
often due to inflexibility resulting from the design of the workplace.
This postural fixity results in static loading of the musculoskeletal
system and should be avoided. e.g, computer workstation furniture
that is non-adjustable and is not the appropriate size and shape for
the user.
Or, a term used by Grieco (1986) to describe the static postures of
the head, neck and trunk that occur in VDT work. |
| Potable water |
Water that satisfies health standards with respect
to its chemical and biological composition and is agreeable to drink. |
| Potency |
Refers to the strength of a drug or preparation. In
the case of cannabis, potency is measured by the THC content. |
| Potential daily exposure (PDE) |
The amount of a hazardous substance (mg/kg body weight/day)
that a person is likely to be exposed to through a particular exposure
route. |
| Potentiometric method |
Method of analysis by which a known quantity of gas
is first passed through a solution, where a specific gas component
or a group of components is (are) selectively absorbed, then the absorbed
analyte(s) in the solution is (are) evaluated by potentiometric titration.
NOTE: The result is a titration curve showing the potentiometric end
points for the components being sought versus the titration solutions
required. From this data, the concentrations of the various components
can be calculated. |
| Powder-actuated fastening tool |
A hand tool for driving a pin, stud, bolt, or similar
object into or through building materials, by means of an explosive
force derived from the detonation of a cartridge containing an explosive.
|
| Powder coating |
A coating that is applied to the surface as a finely
ground powder then heated above its melting point and flows together,
creating a consistent film. |
| Power |
Rate at which work is done or electrical energy is
converted into work. |
| Power flux density |
The amount of radiofrequency energy passing through
a given area. It is measured in watts per square metre (W/m2) or in
microwatts per square centimetre (µW/cm2), the latter being
1/100th of the former. The normal relationship between power flux
density and electric and magnetic field strength does not apply within
100-200 m of AM transmitters. |
| Power grip |
A type of grip action associated with use of a hand
tool, e.g. a hammer. In a power grip, the fingers and thumb are used
to clamp the object against the palm of the hand. This grip is a more
powerful grip than precision as it allows approximately four times
more force to be applied. |
| Powered glider |
An aircraft equipped with one or more engines which
has, with the engine or engines not operating, the performance characteristics
of a glider. |
| Powered industrial lift truck |
A vehicle drawn, propelled and operated by mechanical,
electrical or manual power, designed incorporating a powered lift
principally to lift, carry or stack goods by means of:
(a) A fork consisting of one or more arms which support the load;
or
(b) A platform; or
(c) Any attachment or other mechanism.
Without limiting the above definition this includes forklifts, order
pickers, side loaders, reach trucks, platform trucks, powered pallet
trucks, straddle trucks and lateral stacking trucks. |
| Powered swinging stage |
A temporary working platform suspended on wire ropes
from an overhead structure on a building, to provide access to parts
of the building. |
| Power-operated elevating work platform |
A working platform whose height is adjusted by powered
means using articulation, scissors mechanism, telescoping boom or
tower, or any combination of these. It may be vehicle mounted, self-propelled,
towed, or manually moved. It includes personnel buckets temporarily
or permanently attached to truck hoists. |
| Power supply cord |
A flexible cord that is connected to an electrical
appliance and has a plug for connection to a socket-outlet. |
| Power take off (PTO) shaft |
The means by which the power of the tractor is used
to drive trailed or mounted rotating equipment (hay baler, rotary
hoe, mower, forage harvester, spray pump, etc.) |
| PPB |
Parts per billion. |
| PPE |
Personal protective equipment. |
| PPHM |
Parts per hundred million. |
| PPL |
Paid parental leave. |
| PPM |
Parts per million - ppm (w/v) in water = mg/l ppm (w/w)
in solids = mg/kg. |
| PRA |
Prostitution Reform Act 2003. |
| Pratique |
Permission for an aircraft, after landing, to disembark
and commence operation. The primary purpose of the process of requesting
and granting pratique is to help prevent the spread of infectious
disease via international travel. |
| Precautionary approach |
An approach specified in the HSNO Act requiring all
persons exercising powers and functions under the Act to take into
account the need for caution in managing adverse effects where there
is scientific and technical uncertainty about those effects. |
| Precision |
Closeness of agreement between independent measurement
results obtained under prescribed conditions
NOTE 1: Precision depends only on the distribution of random errors
and does not relate to the true value.
NOTE 2: Precision is a qualitative term relating to the dispersion
between the results of measurements of the same measurand, carried
out under specified conditions of measurement. Quantitative measures
of precision such as variance or standard deviation critically depend
on the variation implied by the specified measurement conditions. |
| Precision approach procedure |
(aircraft) An instrument approach procedure utilising
azimuth and glide path information. |
| Precision grip |
A type of grip action associated with use of a hand
tool e.g. a pen or a pair of tweezers. In a precision grip, the object
is manipulated between the pads of the finger and thumb. |
| Preclearance |
Phytosanitary certification and/or clearance in the
country of origin, performed by or under the regular supervision of
the national plant protection organisation of the country of origin. |
| Pre-fell |
Area felled ahead of the extraction phase of the logging
operation, usually associated with hauler logging or when shifting
to a new stand. |
| Pre-flight information bulletin |
A presentation of current NOTAM information of operational
significance, prepared prior to flight. |
| Premature mortality |
The social burden of fatal health outcomes, measured
in terms of years of life lost. |
| Premises |
Includes a dwelling, building, aircraft, ship, carriage,
vehicle, box, receptacle, and place. |
| Pre-moulded earplug |
An earplug that is inserted into the ear canal without
the need for prior shaping. They are made from a number of materials
and are often available in a range of sizes. |
| Presbyacusis |
The gradual loss of hearing that can be attributed
to the ageing process. |
| Preservation |
In relation to resources under the Conservation Act
1987, means the maintenance, so far as is practicable, of their intrinsic
value. |
| Prescribed electrical work |
Electrical work prescribed in regulations made under
section 169 of the Electricity Act, being work that falls into any
of the following categories:
(a) the construction or maintenance of electrical installations;
(b) the maintenance of electrical appliances;
(c) the connection or disconnection of works, electrical installations,
and electrical appliances to or from a power supply, other than by
means of:
(i) a plug; or
(ii) an appliance inlet; or
(iii) a pin
that is inserted into a socket outlet. |
| Prescription medicine |
A medicine that is declared by regulations made under
this Act [Medicines Act] or by a notice given under section 106 to
be one that, except as may be permitted by regulations made under
this Act, may be
(a) sold by retail only under a prescription given by a practitioner,
registered midwife, veterinarian, or a designated prescriber; and
(b) supplied in circumstances corresponding to retail sale only
(i) under a prescription given by a practitioner, registered midwife,
veterinarian, or a designated prescriber; or
(ii) in accordance with a standing order; and
(c) administered only in accordance with
(i) a prescription given by a practitioner, registered midwife, veterinarian,
or a designated prescriber; or a standing order. |
| Presence sensing (machine guard) |
A guard which, without placing a physical barrier
between the operator and the dangerous parts of the machine, senses
the approach of a body or part of a body and, ensures that:
(a) while any part of an operator's body is within the sensing field
of the device, dangerous motion cannot start; and
(b) should any part of the operator's body enter the sensing field
of the device while the machine is operating, all dangerous motion
shall stop before the operator can reach the dangerous parts. |
| Pressure altitude |
An atmospheric pressure, expressed in terms of altitude,
which corresponds to that pressure in the standard atmosphere. |
| Pressure containment parts |
Includes coils, drums, interconnecting parts, tubes,
and vessels. |
| Pressure control device |
A device that automatically regulates, to a predetermined
level, the pressure of the gas passing through it. |
| Pressure equipment |
Includes a boiler, boiler piping, compressor, fired
heater, gas turbine, hot water boiler, piping component, pressure
fitting, pressure piping, pressure vessel, pump, steam engine, or
steam turbine. |
| Pressure fittings |
(a) Fittings that are associated with a kind of pressure
equipment the purpose of which is to contain all or any of the following:
(i) gases at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or
(ii) liquids at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or (iii) steam; and
(b) Includes all mountings, pressure gauges, safety devices, valves,
and other articles necessary to maintain the safety of the pressure
equipment, whether the pressure equipment stands alone or is part
of an operating system. |
| Pressure piping |
(a) An assembly of piping components the purpose of
which is to convey fluid, or transmit a fluid pressure, for any of
the following or any combination of them:
(i) gases at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or
(ii) liquids at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or
(iii) steam; and
(b) Includes all pressure relief discharge piping up to the point
of release; and
(c) Includes all supports for pressure piping necessary to maintain
the safety of the pressure equipment, whether the pressure equipment
stands alone or is part of an operating system. |
| Pressure relief |
The controlled and automatic relief of pressure to
a safe disposal location or system by the operation of a safety valve. |
| Pressure test |
A hydraulic or pneumatic test carried out by applying
a pressure greater than the safe working pressure to pressure-retaining
parts or sections of pressure equipment to prove the pressure integrity
of the construction, or, the adequacy of modifications or repairs
made to it. |
| Pressure vessel |
(a) Means an unfired vessel the purpose of which is
to hold, process store, transport, or use all or any of the following:
(i) gases at pressures exceeding 50 kPag:
(ii) liquids at pressures exceeding 50 kPag: (iii) steam; and
(b) Includes all fittings, mountings, piping, and supports necessary
to maintain the safety of the pressure vessel, whether the pressure
vessel stands alone or is part of an operating system; and
(c) Includes vessels heated by electricity or heated by a hot gas
or liquid; but
(d) Does not include fixed roofed or floating roofed storage tanks. |
| Pre-stropping |
Attaching strops to logs for the next drag while the
previous drags are being extracted. |
| Prevalence |
The number of cases of a disease at a point in time.
|
| Preventable harm |
Harm caused by action or inaction rather than by an
underlying disease or disability, which could have been reasonably
foreseeable and prevented given the state of technology and knowledge
at the time the harm occurred. |
| Primary container |
A container that is in direct contact with the dangerous
goods that it contains and may be either the inner packaging of a
combination packaging or a sole packaging. |
| Primary explosive substance |
A substance that:
(a) has the necessary sensitivity to heat, friction, or shock to make
it suitable for initiating secondary detonating explosive substances
and articles; and
(b) when incorporated into an explosive article, is known as a primer
or detonator. |
| Primary health care |
Essential health care based on practical, scientifically
sound, culturally appropriate and socially acceptable methods. It
is universally accessible to people in their communities, involves
community participation, is integral to, and a central function of,
the country's health system, and is the first level of contact with
the health system. |
| Primary prevention |
(1) Measures taken to prevent hazardous conditions
arising.
(2) The prevention of any possibility of introduction of disease into
a person. |
| Primary produce |
Any plant or animal, or any derivative of any plant
or animal, intended for sale. |
| Primary producer |
Means a farmer, and includes:
- any person who (otherwise than as an employee) farms, raises, grows,
or keeps animals for reward or for the purposes of trade in those
animals or in animal material or products derived or taken from those
animals; and
- any person who hunts animals for reward or for purposes of trade.
|
| Primary risk |
The most significant hazard posed by the a substance
and is the hazard by which the substance is classified. |
| Primary standard |
Standard that is designated or widely acknowledged
as having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is accepted
without reference to other standards of the same quantity [VIM] [45]
NOTE 1: The concept of primary standard is equally valid for base
quantities and derived quantities.
NOTE 2: A primary standard is never used directly for measurements
other than for comparison with duplicate or reference standards. In
general the National Standards Laboratory is responsible for the conservation
of a primary standard in a country. |
| Prime contractor |
A person transporting their own dangerous goods, or
a person who is responsible or undertakes to be responsible for the
transport of dangerous goods from one place to another; but does not
include a subcontractor engaged by that person. |
| Prime mover |
An engine, motor, or other appliance that provides
mechanical energy derived from steam water, wind, electricity, gas,
gaseous products, or any other source, and includes any device which
converts stored or potential energy into movement or mechanical energy.
|
| Primer |
A cartridge of high explosive into which a detonator
or detonating fuse has been inserted or attached. |
| Principal |
A person who or that engages any person otherwise than
as an employee to do any work for gain or reward. |
| Principal display panel |
In relation to a label, means the panel on the label
on which the trade name of the product is displayed most prominently;
and, where the name is displayed equally prominently on two or more
panels, includes every such panel. |
| Privacy |
The degree to which information is restricted to specific
individuals, as defined by the Privacy Act. |
| Probability of Exceedance Level (PEL) |
The probability that any event of specific size or
larger will occur in a given period of time. If an event has a return
time of one in one hundred years, then there is a 1% PEL that the
event will occur this year. |
| Probable carcinogen |
A compound that has shown some evidence of carcinogenity
in humans, or, lacking adequate data on humans, there is sufficient
evidence of carcinogenity in animals. |
| Procedure |
A collection of techniques that, when used together,
enables a total task outcome to be completed. |
| Product name |
The brand name, trade name, code name, or code number
specified by the manufacturer or importer. |
| Product specific approval |
That part of an ACVM registration of an agricultural
compound or veterinary medicine trade product that specifies the particular
use requirements for that product in regard to manufacture, importation,
sale, establishing control, identifying treated plants or animals,
avoiding violative residues, notifying purchasers or processors, etc. |
| Production thinning |
Cutting selected stems from a stand for extraction
and sale. |
| Professional outdoor instructor |
A professional who meets best practice standards set
down by the national body responsible for the particular outdoor activity
(for example, tramping leader/instructor, the New Zealand Mountain
Safety Council). |
| Professional teacher |
A registered teacher who has been through an annual
appraisal process and met the professional standards for a teacher. |
| Profile |
Graphic representation of ground configuration. |
| Programme |
A group of activities directed towards achieving defined
objectives and targets. |
| Programme evaluation |
The assessment of policies, materials, personnel,
performance, quality of practice or services and other inputs and
implementation experiences. |
| Programmable logic controller |
An electronic device which continuously accepts inputs
from field devices and sensors and controls outputs, in accordance
with an internal programme. Device which accepts a series of programming
steps to perform logical functions. |
| Prohibition notice |
Notice issued by an OSH inspector under the HSE Act,
prohibiting a work activity until the hazard is eliminated. |
| Promulgated information incident |
An incident that involves significantly incorrect,
inadequate, or misleading information promulgated in any aeronautical
information publication, map or chart. |
| Proof load |
The total load that any lifting appliance or loose
cargo gear is subjected to under test. |
| Proper shipping name |
In relation to dangerous goods, means the name given
as the proper shipping name for a substance in:
(a) New Zealand Standard 5433:1999, Transport of Dangerous Goods on
Land;
(b) United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods;
(c) International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code;
(d) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods
by Air of the International Civil Aviation Organisation;
(e) Dangerous Goods Regulations of the International Air Transport
Association. |
| Propellant explosive substance |
A substance that deflagrates (i.e. is capable of a
steady high rate of production of gas sufficient to generate a force
capable of producing movement or physical change, the rate of gas
production under confinement is able to result in a detonation). |
| Propeller |
A device, for propelling an aircraft, that has blades
on an engine-driven shaft and that when rotated produces by its action
on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation.
It includes control components normally supplied by its manufacturer,
but does not include main and auxiliary rotors or rotating airfoils
of engines. |
| Prophylaxis |
Treatment or action adopted with a view to warding
off disease. |
| Propping |
A system of temporary supports to prevent movement
or unintended collapse. |
| Prostitution |
The provision of commercial sexual services. |
| Protected path |
That portion of an exitway within a firecell which
is protected from the effects of smoke by smoke separations. |
| Protected work |
Means:
(a) any dwellinghouse, or any place of worship, public building, university,
college, school, hospital, public institution, Court, theatre, or
other building in which persons are accustomed to assemble; and
(b) any factory, workshop, office, store, warehouse, shop, or other
building where persons are regularly employed for the purpose of any
trade or business, and any other building which a licensing authority
may consider is of sufficient importance or value to warrant protection;
and
(c) any wooden decked wharf (not being a wharf specifically designed
for the transfer of dangerous goods), public railway (not being a
siding), or timber yard, and any place where it is customary for ships
to berth, moor, or lie, but does not include a small office or other
building connected with the storage or use of dangerous goods on premises
in which such storage or use is a major function. |
| Protection |
In relation to resources under the Conservation Act
1987, means their maintenance, as far as is practicable, in their
current state but includes restoration to some former state and augmentation,
enhancement or expansion. |
| Protective eyewear |
Any eye wear that complies with Australian/New Zealand
Standard 1337: 1992 Eye protectors for industrial applications,
Amendment 1 Sept 1994: Amendment 2 October 1997, or any other
Standard embodying the same or more stringent criteria. |
| Protective leg-wear (chainsaw) |
Any leg-wear that meets the Australian/New Zealand
standard 4453.3 (1997). Protective clothing of users of handheld
chainsaws Part 3 Protective legwear. |
| Protective fitting |
A fitting that interrupts the flow of electricity to
a circuit or part of a circuit under adverse conditions of over-current,
short-circuit,or leakage to earth: and (without limitation) includes
circuit-breakers, fuses, RCDs, and fault current limiters. |
| Proteinuria |
Protein in urine. |
| Prothrombin |
Blood clotting agent. |
| Protocol |
The written design of any course of action in experimental
service and/or medical intervention. The protocol will summarise the
activities of the participants and considers the guidelines that should
be followed and outlines the best practices that are generally recognised
by professional persons who may be contributing to that course of
action. |
| Protocol |
Form of international agreement, for example the Biosafety
Protocol. |
| Prudonce |
A marine radio signal which is used to advise that
complete silence is no longer needed on a frequency being used for
distress traffic, and that restricted working may be resumed with
caution. |
| Pruning gauge |
A gauge used to establish pruned height from stem
diameter. |
| PSA |
Public Service Association. |
| PSNS |
Parasympathetic nervous system. |
| Psychoactive |
Refers to the type of drugs that affect mood, perception,
thought processes and consciousness. People generally take psychoactive
drugs with the intention of achieving euphoria, to improve their mood,
and to relax. |
| Psychoses |
A recognised psychiatric condition. It is characterised
by marked impairment of behaviour and a serious inability to think
coherently and to understand reality. |
| Psycho-social factors |
The individual subjective perceptions of work organisation
factors. They often have the same names as work organisation factors,
but are different in that they carry 'emotional' value for the worker.
Thus the nature of supervision can have positive or negative psycho-social
effects (emotional stress), while the work organisation aspects are
just descriptive of how the supervision is accomplished and do not
carry emotional value. |
| PTO shaft |
Power-take-off shaft - on a tractor. |
| Public health |
Depending on the context, means either the health
status of populations (or sections thereof) or, the science and art
of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health. |
Public health nurse
(PHN) |
A registered general or comprehensive nurse attached
to DHB public health services. |
| Public health research |
Research into factors that influence the health of
a population; and includes:
(a) research into health systems and health services; and
(b) research into the environmental, socio-economic, cultural, and
behavioural factors that determine health status. |
| Public health services |
Goods, services, and facilities provided for the purpose
of improving, promoting, or protecting public health or preventing
population-wide disease, disability, or injury; and includes:
(a) regulatory functions relating to health or disability matters;
and
(b) health protection and health promotion services; and
(c) goods, services, and facilities provided for related or incidental
functions or purposes. |
| Public Notice |
[Under HSNO] means a notice published in one or more
daily newspapers circulating in the main metropolitan areas together
with such other public notice (if any) as the Authority or Minister
thinks fit; and 'publicly notify' and 'public notification' have a
corresponding meaning: |
| Public notification |
Advertising in one or more daily newspapers, or by
another method advised by the ERMA, an application for certain types
of applications for hazardous substances or new organisms so that
people can make submissions on them, or advertising a decision that
has been made. |
| Public organisation |
Means:
(a) a Minister of the Crown;
(b) a department of State;
(c) a Crown entity (as defined in section 2(1) of the Public Finance
Act 1989);
(d) a State enterprise (as defined in section 2 of the State Owned
Enterprises Act 1986);
(e) a local authority. |
| Public place |
A place that, at any material time:
(a) is open to, or being used by, the public, whether free or on payment
of a charge, and whether or not any owner or occupier of the place
is lawfully entitled to exclude or reject any person; and
(b) includes, without limitation, any aircraft, hovercraft, ship or
ferry or other vessel, train or vehicle carrying or available to carry
passengers for reward. |
| Public railway level crossing |
A crossing of a railway at grade (on the level) that
the public has access to (regardless of whether it is on a public
or private road or railway). A private crossing that the public is
invited to use (for delivery vehicles and customers/clients etc.)
is also considered a public railway level crossing. |
| Public register |
An information database containing information that
is freely accessible to the public. In the context of the HSNO Act,
means information databases that ERMA New Zealand maintains on applications
and approvals for hazardous substances and new organisms, and on approved
test certifiers. |
| Publicly available |
In relation to a document, means that the document
is promptly provided on request by any person on payment of a charge,
if any, that is reasonable. |
| Puck |
The input device used at a digitiser tablet. It performs
functions almost identical to those of a mouse. |
| Pulaski |
A hand tool used for chopping and grubbing. |
| Pull cord |
Cord which operates a latching switch to stop motion. |
| Pulsing |
Movement of a pressbrake beam in 'steps' of l0mm or
less, each movement to be separately activated by a movement of the
control pedal. To be used when no other method of guarding is possible
for a given operation. |
| Pumped wells |
Wells that are fitted with artificial lift devices,
which may be surface- or downhole-mounted, to enable geothermal fluid
to be extracted. |
| Punch and forming press |
An open-front, single-crank press equipped with a ram
or slide and with dies for the purpose of punching, blanking, coining,
curling, bending, cutting, drawing, redrawing, or trimming material
under pressure. It does not include pneumatic and hydraulic presses,
heavy power presses, bending brakes, and hot-forging presses. |
| Purchase agreement |
The agreement with the Minister on the outputs to be
purchased from the Department. |
| Purchase block |
Special block used to tighten ropes, usually containing
two or more sheaves. |
| Pure tone audiometry |
The basis for hearing evaluation. Hearing thresholds
are measured for pure tones at different test frequencies. |
| Purge or purging |
With respect to consumer piping means:
(a) Replacing the air in consumer piping with gas or inert gas; or
(b) Removing the gas from consumer piping by replacing the gas with
either air or an inert gas.
NOTE: The purpose of purging is to prevent the presence in the piping
of an explosive mixture of gas and air. |
| Purging |
The use of air or inert gas to remove and replace a
potentially dangerous atmosphere. |
| Push-pull attachment |
A hydraulically powered forklift attachment arranged
to enable the load to be pushed off, or pulled on to, the load-supporting
forks, platens or platform. |
| Pusher arm |
A steel attachment fixed to an extended boom on mechanically
operated mobile equipment. |
| Putlog (or bearer or transom) |
A horizontal member placed in the transverse direction
between ledgers, standards, or other supports and used to support
a working platform. |
| PVC |
Polyvinyl chloride |
| Pyrometer |
Instrument for measuring higher levels of temperature. |
| Pyrotechnic effect |
In relation to a substance that is initiated, means
the production in that substance of a self-sustaining exothermic chemical
reaction resulting in heat, sound, light, gas, smoke, or motion, or
a combination of these. |
| Pyrotechnic substance |
A substance that produces pyrotechnic effects. |
| QC |
Quality control. |
| QCC valve |
Quick coupling connection valve. |
| Quad-axle set |
A set of four axles where:
(a) the centres of the first and fourth axles are spaced not less
than 3.75 m, and not more than 4 m, apart; and
(b) all axles contain an equal number of tyres of the same size; and
(c) none of the axles is a single standard-tyred axle; and
(d) the axles are a load-sharing set. |
| Qualification issuing agency |
An agency that has the functions of
(a) issuing certificates of competence; and
(b) advising applicants seeking certificates of competence on the
equivalence of qualifications obtained outside New Zealand to certificates
of competence. |
| Quality assurance |
Formal process of implementing quality assessment
and quality improvement in programmes to assure people that professional
activities have been performed adequately. |
| Quality management system |
In relation to equipment means that:
(a) the controller's system is currently certified, to a recognised
industry standard, by a body accredited by the Joint Accreditation
System of Australia and New Zealand; and
(b) the controller has afforded an employee of the department nominated
by the Secretary an opportunity of participating in assessments of
the system carried out by the body. A controller who has a quality
management system in relation to equipment must take all practicable
steps to comply with it. |
| Quality of life |
An individual's perception of their position in life
in the context of the culture in which they live, and in relation
to their goals, expectations and standards. The term incorporates
concepts of physical and psychological wellbeing, levels of independence
and autonomy, social relationships and support, and spirituality. |
| Qualified person |
A person who, by possession of a relevant recognised
degree, other tertiary qualification or relevant certificate of professional
standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training and proven experience,
has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems
relating to the subject matter and work. |
| Quench |
The injection of cold liquid into a well to condense
or prevent the formation of steam, or to reduce temperatures for other
purposes. |
| QES |
Quarterly Employment Survey RBNZ (Reserve Bank of New
Zealand). |
| Quality assurance |
A comprehensive set of actions or procedures to ensure
that all aspects of a service will perform satisfactorily. |
| Quality control |
A set of tests routinely performed on a piece of equipment
to confirm the satisfactory performance of it. |
| Quarantinable disease |
In New Zealand means cholera, plague or yellow fever. |
| Quarantine |
(1) Confinement of organisms or organic material that
may be harbouring pests or unwanted organisms.
(2) The restriction of healthy contacts of an infectious case. |
| Quarry |
Any place where any person works above ground for the
purpose of extracting or processing any material, other than any coal
or any mineral from the earth. |
| Quick-closing internal valve |
An internal valve designed and arranged to be closed
both automatically by the operation of one or more heat- ensing devices
(which may be fusible links) or manually from a remote position, or
both, by the release of the means of holding the valve open. |
| Quick-connect device |
A two-part mating plug and socket assembly for connecting
a gas appliance to a gas supply without the use of tools. |
| R-value |
The common abbreviation for describing the values of
both thermal resistance and total thermal resistance. |
| Rack and pinion |
A rack is a straight bar with gear teeth cut into it.
A pinion is a small gear wheel. When meshed together, rotary movement
of the pinion causes a linear movement of the rack or vice-versa. |
| Radar transponder |
A survival craft radar transponder used to assist search
and rescue between ships or aircraft and survival craft. |
| Radial deviation |
One of the four classifications of wrist posture,
radial deviation is characterised by an inward bend of the wrist.
This inward bend reduces the wrist's strength; a 25o radial deviation
can reduce grip strength by 20%. Ligaments and tendons are placed
under stress which, if maintained for some length of time, can lead
to fatigue and injury. |
| Radial-ply |
A pneumatic tyre structure in which the ply cords,
which extend from bead to bead, are laid at approximately 90 degrees
to the centre-line of the tread, the carcass being stabilised by an
essentially inextensible circumferential belt. |
| Radiant heat |
Heat transfer directly through the air to other objects.
|
| Radiation barrier |
A shield interposed between a source of radiant heat
and an object, and designed to reduce to an acceptable level the amount
of radiant heat received by the object. |
| Radiation dose |
A general term denoting the quantity of radiation.
If unqualified, it refers to absorbed dose. |
| Radiation Protection Advisory Council (RPAC) |
A council set up by the Radiation Protection Act 1965
to advise on matters arising from the administration of the Act. |
| Radioactive decay |
The spontaneous transformation of the nucleus of an
atom into another state, accompanied by the emission of radiation;
for a quantity of such atoms, the expectation value of the number
of atoms present decreases exponentially with time. |
| Radioactive material |
Any article containing a radioactive substance giving
it a specific radioactivity exceeding 100 kilobecquerels per kilogram
and a total radioactivity exceeding 3 kilobecquerels. |
| Radioactive substance |
A radionuclide or mixture of radionuclides, either
alone or in chemical combination with other elements. |
| Radiofrequency |
Any frequency used for radio transmissions, normally
0.1 MHz to 300,000 MHz. Radio signals are composed of linked electric
and magnetic fields which travel away from the transmitter as an electromagnetic
wave. The electric and magnetic fields can be referred to as radiofrequency
fields, and the energy they carry as radiofrequency radiation. |
| Radiologist |
A medical practitioner who holds a licence, appropriate
to the treatment for which payment is sought, under the Radiation
Protection Act 1965. |
| Radionuclide |
An isotope of any element which spontaneously emits
ionising radiation. |
| Radiopharmaceutical |
A medicinal drug which is also a radioactive material. |
| Radiotherapist |
A medical practitioner having special knowledge in
the safe use or application of irradiating apparatus or radioactive
materials for the purpose of treating or alleviating any abnormal
condition of the human body. |
| Raft |
Any moored floating platform which is not self-propelled;
and includes platforms that provide buoyancy support for the surfaces
on which fish or marine vegetation are cultivated or for any cage
or other device used to contain or restrain fish or marine vegetation;
but does not include booms situated on lakes subject to artificial
control which have been installed to ensure the safe operation of
electricity generating facilities. |
| Rahui |
Embargo, quarantine, traditional Maori sanction to
stop people using natural resources. |
| Rail safety system |
A documented management system developed by a rail
service operator, which defines the standards, practices and procedures
for safe operation of the operator's railway. |
| Rail service |
As defined in Section 2 of the Transport Services Licensing
Act 1989, means the operation of rail service vehicles on a railway
line. |
| Rail service vehicle |
(a) Any vehicle that operates on, or uses, a set of
rails having a gauge of 550 mm or greater between them; and
(b) includes a locomotive, carriage, railcar, tram, tramcar, light
rail vehicle, self-propelled rail vehicle, or wagon used on a rail
service; but
(c) does not include a vehicle designed to operate both on and off
rails, while it is not operating on rails. |
| Rail service operator |
A holder of a Rail Service Licence granted under Section
8 of the Transport Services Licensing Act 1989. Responsible for the
safe operation of the railway, including the safety of staff, volunteers,
customers, visitors, the deterrence of trespassers, and for establishing
and maintaining compliance with a Rail Safety System, ensuring annual
audits, and acting on audit recommendations and LTSA requirements. |
| Railway |
Means the railway infrastructure, rail vehicles, and
other property (other than railway premises), including property specified
by regulations made under section 59(j) and vehicles prescribed under
section 59(k), that together are being used for the purpose of transporting
people or goods by rail; but excludes:
(a)a railway used as an amusement device as defined in section 21A(1)
of the Machinery Act 1950:
(b)a railway that operates on a set of rails with a gauge of less
than 550 mm between them, unless that set of rails is designated as
a railway line under section 59(l):
(c)a railway that operates on a railway line excluded by regulations
made under section 59(m):
(d)a private cable car. |
| Raker |
An inclined load-bearing member. |
| Ram |
Hydraulically-operated steel shaft, usually double-acting,
which can raise or lower, push or pull implements or parts of a machine. |
| Ramicorn |
A large high-angled branch that often occurs when
one leader of a fork is suppressed by another. |
| RAMS |
Risk analysis management system. |
| Ranch hand |
'Ranch hand' refers to the US military servicemen who
served as Air Force Operation Ranch Hand or Army Chemical Corps members
in Vietnam, and were directly involved in the application of Agent
Orange (and other herbicides). |
| Random lays |
Wind-thrown trees that have fallen in varying directions. |
| Rapidly degradable |
In relation to a substance in water, means that:
(a) 28 days after a solution containing the substance is inoculated
with micro-organisms, there is at least:
(i) a 70% reduction in dissolved organic carbon in the solution; or
(ii) a 60% depletion of oxygen in the solution, when compared with
the maximum depletion of oxygen that would occur if the substance
were completely degraded; or
(iii) a 60% generation of carbon dioxide in the solution, when compared
with the maximum generation of carbon dioxide that would occur if
the substance were completely degraded; or
(b) if only COD and BOD5 data is available, the ratio of BOD5 to COD
is greater than or equal to 0.5:1 or
(c) at least 70% of the substance can be degraded biotically or abiotically,
in the aquatic environment within 28 days. |
| Ratchet |
A toothed wheel with angled teeth used with a pawl
to allow rotation in one direction only. |
| Rate |
In epidemiology, the frequency with which a health
event occurs in a defined population. The components of the rate are
the number of events (numerator), the population at risk (denominator)
and the specified time in which the events occurred. All rates are
ratios, calculated by dividing the numerator by the denominator. |
| Rave rail |
The loading edge of the hopper on a rear-loading compaction
collection truck. It is produced as a cross-beam or the edge of a
guide flap. |
| RBC |
Red blood cell (erythrocyte). |
| RC |
Regional Council. |
| RCCNZ |
Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand. |
| RCT |
Randomised controlled trial. |
| Reach truck |
A self-loading truck, generally high lift, having load-engaging
means mounted so that it can be extended forwardly under control to
permiit a load to be picked up and deposited in the extended position
and transported in the retracted position. |
| Reassessment (HSNO) |
A re-evaluation available only for a substance that
has previously been approved or a new organism in containment. A reassessment
can only occur when some combination of significant new information
has become available about effects, or (in the case of hazardous substances)
a better substance has become available or there have been significant
changes in the way it is being used or the quantity used. The re-evaluation
proceeds in the same way as for an original application for approval.
See also Assessment. |
| Reactivity |
A substance's susceptibility to undergoing a chemical
reaction or change that may result in dangerous side effects, such
as explosion, burning, and corrosive or toxic emissions. The conditions
that cause the reaction, such as heat, other chemicals, and dropping,
will usually be specified as 'Conditions to Avoid' when a chemical's
reactivity is discussed on a MSDS. |
| Rear-loading compaction collection truck |
A type of truck used for collecting waste for recycling
and other connected purposes. Waste is loaded into the hopper, where
it is compacted and placed into the transfer body (normally part of
the truck). Once the body is full, the compacted waste materials are
removed by raising the tailgate and operating an ejection plate or
by tipping. |
| Rear overhang |
(a) For pole trailers transporting a long load, means
the distance from the rear axis or centre of the bolster to the rear
of the vehicle or its load, whichever is greater;
(b) for all other vehicles, means the distance from the rear axis
to the rear of the vehicle or its load, whichever is the greater.
|
| Rear trailing unit distance |
The maximum distance from the centre of the fifth wheel
or tow coupling on the towing vehicle to the rear of the combination. |
| Receiver |
A pressure vessel, usually cylindrical, used to store
compressed air from a compressor before use. |
| Reclose block |
A means by which a network operator prevents protective
switch gear from manually or automatically relivening power lines
after tripping on a fault. (See also Auto recloser.) |
| Recognised branch of medicine |
Any of the following branches of medicine:
(a) anaesthetics:
(b) cardiothoracic surgery:
(c) dermatology:
(d) diagnostic radiology:
(e) emergency medicine:
(f) general surgery:
(g) internal medicine:
(h) neurosurgery:
(i) obstetrics and gynaecology:
(j) occupational medicine:
(k) ophthalmology:
(l) orthopaedic surgery:
(m) otolaryngology head and neck surgery:
(n) paediatric surgery:
(o) paediatrics:
(p) pathology:
(q) plastic and reconstructive surgery:
(r) psychological medicine or psychiatry:
(s) public health medicine:
(t) radiation oncology:
(u) rehabilitation medicine:
(v) sexual health medicine:
(w) urology:
(x) venereology. |
| Reconstruction |
The disassembly and reassembly of equipment, generally
for the purpose of placing the equipment back into full operation
and substantially extending the service life beyond the normal life
cycle contemplated at the time of original manufacture. Reconstruction,
rebuilding, or overhaul can result in the equipment being repaired
or modified or both. |
| Recorded Settlement (ERS Mediation Service)
|
Applications where a settlement has been reached prior
to reaching the Mediation Service and only need to be stamped by a
Mediator. |
| Recreational diving |
Diving carried out by individuals or groups for their
own pleasure and does not involve any commercial activity for gain
or reward, and an at work situation does not apply. |
| Redesign |
(a) To make an alteration to a design, affecting the
structural strength or safety of equipment, in the course of manufacture;
or
(b) to design a repair or alteration affecting the operational safety
of the equipment repaired or altered or any other equipment. Redesign
as a noun has a corresponding meaning. |
| Reduced duties |
A reduction in the amount of work performed on a daily
basis by an employee. |
| Reeving |
To place the rope or webbing sling through a block
or eye. |
| Reference dose (RfD) |
An estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population
that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects
during a lifetime. A RfD can be derived from a NOAEL, LOAEL or benchmark
dose, with uncertainty factors applied to reflect limitations of the
data used. RfDs are generally used by the US EPA in their non-cancer
health assessments. In this context, a RfD is not itself an action
level, nor does it establish an acceptable daily dose. Their primary
use is to evaluate increments of exposure from specific sources above
background when background exposures are low and insignificant. |
| Reference material (RM) |
Material or substance, one or more of whose property
values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established to be used
for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement
method, or for assigning values to materials [ISO Guide 30[43]].
NOTE: A reference material may be in the form of a pure or mixed gas,
liquid or solid.
EXAMPLES: Several kinds of reference materials exist. An internal
reference material is an RM developed by a user for its own internal
use. An external reference material is an RM provided by someone other
than the user. A certified reference material (CRM) is an RM issued
and certified by an organisation recognised as competent to do so. |
| Reference measuring system |
Represents not only a measuring instrument but the
set of procedures, operators and environmental conditions associated
with that instrument. |
| Reference Standard |
Standard generally having the highest metrological
quality available at a given location or in a given organisation,
from which measurements made there are derived [VIM] [45]. |
| Reference toxicant |
A standard chemical used to measure the sensitivity
of the test organisms in order to establish confidence in the toxicity
data obtained from the test material. In most instances a toxicity
test with a reference toxicant is performed to assess the sensitivity
of the test organisms at the time the test material is evaluated,
and the precision of results obtained by the laboratory for that chemical. |
| Reflectance |
The ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface
to that falling on it. |
| Reflective material |
Any material or surface that reflects a beam of light
generally parallel to the path of the beam and in an opposite direction
to that path. |
| Reflective target |
Object which reflects sufficient light to allow a
receiver to determine whether a target is present or absent. |
| Refuelling unit |
A tank wagon or tank trailer or any other type of
mobile container specifically designed and used for the dispensing
of dangerous goods of Class 3 into the fuel tanks of aircraft, hovercraft,
vehicles, or vessels. |
| Refuse |
Any type of solid waste (except human wastes), including
garbage,rubbish, ashes, incinerator residues, street cleanings, plant
trimmings, and residential, commercial, and industrial solid wastes,
including recyclable materials. |
| Regenerative brake |
A device on an interlocking hauler which induces a
retarding force on an outgoing rope drum and transfers a portion of
the power absorbed to an incoming rope drum. |
| Regional council |
A regional council as defined under the Local Government
Act 2002. |
| Register length or length |
In relation to any vessel, means the length of the
vessel measured from the foreside of the head of the stem to the afterside
of the head of the stern post, or to the foreside of the head of the
rudder stock if no stern post is provided. |
| Registered health professional |
(a) Means a chiropractor, clinical dental technician,
dental technician, dentist, medical laboratory technologist, medical
practitioner, medical radiation technologist, midwife, nurse, occupational
therapist, optometrist, pharmacist, physiotherapist, or podiatrist;
and
(b) includes any person referred to in paragraph (a) who holds an
interim practising certificate but only when acting in accordance
with any conditions of such interim certificate; and
(c) includes a member of any occupational group included in the definition
of 'registered health professional' by regulations made under section
322 IPRC Act. |
| Registered engineer |
An engineer registered under the Engineers Registration
Act 1924. |
| Registered nurse |
A nurse registered with the Nursing Council of NZ.
|
| Registry (ERS Authority, Tribunal, Court)
|
The formal name for each office of the Tribunal, Authority
and Court. |
| Regulation |
The setting and enforcing of standards. |
| Regulations |
Regulations issued by Governor-General under authority
of an Act. |
| Regulator |
A government agency responsible for setting and enforcing
standards. |
| Regulatory authority |
A Minister of the Crown, a government department, a
commission or other authority having power to issue regulations, orders
or other instructions having the force of law. |
| Regulatory signs |
Signs containing
instructions with which failure to comply constitutes either an
offence at law, or a breach of standing orders, safety procedures
or other directions, depending on which kind of control has been
imposed at the work site or workplace.
They are subdivided as
follows:
- Prohibition signs.
Signs that indicate that an action or activity is not permitted.
- Mandatory signs.
Signs that indicate that an instruction must be carried out.
- Limitation or restriction
signs. Signs that place an numerical or other defined limit
on an activity or use of a facility.
|
| Rehabilitation |
(a) Means a process of active change and support with
the goal of restoring, to the extent provided under section 70 [IRPC
Act], a claimant's health, independence, and participation; and
(b) comprises treatment, social rehabilitation, and vocational rehabilitation. |
| Rehearing (ERS Authority, Tribunal, Court)
|
If the case was heard and facts come to light which
would have affected the outcome, then either party can apply for a
rehearing. Parties must apply within 28 days of a decision. |
| Reinjection well |
A well that is drilled for the purpose of reinjecting
geothermal fluids into the ground. |
| Relative density |
In relation to any substance, means the density of
the substance divided by the density of water at a temperature of
20°C. |
| Relative humidity |
The ratio of actual vapour pressure to the saturated
vapour pressure at that temperature in the atmosphere. It is commonly
expressed as a percentage. It is calculated from the dry bulb (air
temperature) and the wet bulb of the whirling hygrometer. It forms
one factor of the calculation required to determine whole-body thermal
discomfort.
Kroemer and Grandjean (1997) recommend that relative humidity in offices
in summer should be between 40-60 % and in winter no less than 30%.
|
| Relative measurement |
Measurement of a property by means of comparison or
difference from a normal value of the property taken from an accepted
reference material. NOTE: For example, determining gas density from
the quotient of the mass of gas contained in a given volume to that
of air contained in the same volume at the same temperature and pressure
and multiplying by the density of air at that temperature and pressure. |
| Relative risk |
The ratio of the risk (or rate, or odds) of a disease
(or other health event or condition) among those exposed to a given
risk factor to that among those unexposed. |
| Release |
Relates to an approval granted for a hazardous substance
or new organism for release into the environment. Approvals for release
for hazardous substances are generally with controls, whereas no controls
apply to the release of new organisms. |
| Relevant regulatory authority |
In relation to the transport of dangerous goods means
the authority having statutory control over, or obligation to control,
a particular class of dangerous goods. The term 'regulatory authority'
or similar terms used in documents incorporated by reference in this
rule have the same meaning. |
| Reliable information |
Information that is derived from:
(a) a valid and relevant animal study conducted in accordance with
internationally accepted test guidelines and principles of good laboratory
practice; or
(b) an epidemiological study in humans that is statistically sound
and has undergone peer review; or
(c) any other study whose relevance and validity can be demonstrated
according to internationally accepted criteria and scientific practice. |
| Relocatable Building |
Any structure designed or adapted for human occupation
that is designed to be relocatable; but does not include any tent. |
| Remediation |
Correction or improvement of a problem, such as work
that is done to clean up or stop the release of chemicals from a contaminated
site. After investigation of a site, remedial work may include removing
soil and/or drums, capping the site or collecting and treating the
contaminated fluids. |
| Remote connection |
A filling connection located remotely from the tank
and which may be complemented with a vapour recovery connection for
use with a tanker loading or unloading operation. The remote connection
is anchored to prevent movement. |
| Remote hook |
The cargo hook at the end of a long line with pilot-controlled
release capability. |
| Rendering |
The breaking down of animal tissues into constituent
fat and protein elements, whether by the application of heat and pressure
or otherwise. |
| Rental service vehicle |
A vehicle used or available for use in a rental service
for letting or hire for the carriage of passengers or goods, or both,
to a person who drives the vehicle or provides a driver for the vehicle. |
| Repair |
To restore equipment to an operating condition but
does not include alterations, replacements or routine maintenance. |
| Repeatability limit |
Value below which the absolute difference between two
single measurement results obtained using the same method, on identical
measurement material, by the same operator, using the same apparatus,
in the same laboratory, within a short interval of time, (repeatability
conditions), may be expected to lie with a specified probability.
NOTE: In the absence of other indication the probability is 95%. |
| Replicable |
In the case of an experiment, if other researchers
come up with the same results after repeating all the exact details
of the first experiment, then the experiment is said to have been
successfully replicated. Successful replication is an essential consideration
when comparing several lots of experimental data, as even miniscule
differences in detail can lead to differing results. |
| Reporting point |
A specified geographical location in relation to which
the position of an aircraft can be reported. |
| Representative zample |
Sample having the same composition as the material
sampled when the latter is considered totally homogeneous. |
| Reproducibility limit |
Value below which the absolute difference between two
single measurement results obtained using the same method, on identical
measurement material, by different operators, using different apparatus,
in different laboratories, (reproducibility conditions), may be expected
to lie with a specified probability NOTE: In the absence of other
indication the probability is 95%.
|
| Reproductive hazard |
A chemical or physical agent that affects the ability
of males and females to reproduce normally, e.g. causing infertility,
impotence, spontaneous abortion, or birth defects. |
| Reproductive toxicity |
A toxic effect related to reproductive performance.
This broad term includes effects on fertility and reproductive outcomes
such as birth deformities or behavioral/development effects which
result following exposures of parents. Exposures may be prior to mating
(to both males and females), and/or during gestation and lactation
(to mothers of the offspring examined). |
| Reserve parachute |
A parachute assembly designed and intended to be used
as a secondary parachute in the event of the failure of the main parachute. |
| Reservoir |
The ultimate and/or immediate human, animal arthropod,
plant, soil, substance or combination of these that is the source
of infection for a susceptible host. |
| Residential disability care |
Residential care provided in any premises for 5 or
more people with an intellectual, physical, psychiatric, or sensory
disability (or a combination of 2 or more such disabilities) to help
them function independently. |
| Residential work |
In relation to the occupier of a home, means:
(a) Domestic work done or to be done in the home; or
(b) Work done or to be done in respect of the home, by a person employed
or engaged by the occupier solely to do work of one or both of those
kinds in relation to the home. |
| Residual Current Device (RCD) |
A device for isolating supply to protected circuits,
socket-outlets, or electrical appliances in the event of a current
flow to earth that exceeds a predetermined level. |
| Residual risk |
The remaining level of risk after mitigating measures
have been taken. |
| Resiliency |
Less resilient people are those who are more at risk
(in the context of harm from manual handling) than others for some
reason. This may be because they are, for example, younger, older,
different in size or strength or disabled. Each situation requires
evaluation on its own merits. |
| Resistance (Ohm) |
The opposition or resistance to current flow in an
electrical circuit. The unit of resistance is the 'Ohm' or 'Ω'. |
| Resistor |
Circuit element which dissipates heat. |
| Resolution |
A solution, answer or outcome. |
| Respirable fibre |
A particle with a diameter less than 3 micrometres
and a length greater than 5 micrometres and a length to width ratio
of greater than 3:1. These fibres can reach the deepest part of the
lung. |
| Respirator |
Device to give protection against breathing hazards
such as dusts, gases or vapours, poisonous contaminants, or lack of
oxygen. There are three types:
(a) Air-purifying respirator: This draws inhaled air through a purifying
filter to remove dusts, or certain gases or vapours.
(b) Supplied-air respirator: This supplies clean air from a source
outside the contaminated area.
(c) Self-contained breathing apparatus: This supplies air from a compressed
air bottle worn by the user. |
| Respirator protection factors (RPFs) |
A measure of the degree of protection provided by a
respirator to a wearer. It is defined as the ratio of the concentration
of air contaminant outside the respirator to that inside the respirator.
|
| Respiratory disease |
Disease of the airways and lungs (e.g. pneumonia, emphysema,
also coughs). |
| Respiratory protective device |
Any device fitted to someone for the purpose of filtering
the air they breathe. |
| Respondent (ERS Authority, Tribunal) |
The legal entity against whom an application regarding
an employment relationship problem is made. |
| Responsible person |
A person who is appointed by the employer, or the owner
of gear, as the case may be, to be responsible for the performance
of a specific duty or duties and who has sufficient knowledge and
experience and the requisite authority for the proper performance
of the duty or duties. |
Restrained fall |
Any fall where the person suffering the fall is under
less than the full influence of gravity due to the action of a restraint
device such as a pole strap, or is sliding down a slope less than
that described for a free fall. |
| Restraint belt |
A body belt designed for attachment to a restraint
line and not designed for free fall or restrained fall. |
| Restraint device |
(1) Includes all equipment such as headboards, sideposts,
tail gates, anchor points, webbing and chains used to restrain a load
on a vehicle.
(2) A term used to describe safety equipment in motor vehicles which
includes safety belts, child restraints and infant safety seats. |
| Restraint line |
A line used to restrict the horizontal movement of
the wearer and not designed for either free fall or restrained free
fall. |
| Restricted access area |
An area that all personnel are prohibited from entering
during plant operation, with the exception of authorised personnel,
who may enter the area for short periods to carry out process inspections
and checks, sampling of product, and during emergency procedures.
|
| Restricted organism |
Any organism for which a containment approval has been
granted in accordance with the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms
Act 1996. |
| Restricted visibility |
Under maritime rules means any condition in which
visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms,
sandstorms, or other similar causes. |
| Restricted work |
Work in 1 or more of the following categories:
(a) Work involving asbestos, if the asbestos concerned is friable
and is or has been used in connection with thermal or acoustic insulation,
or fire protection, in buildings, ships, structures, or vehicles:
(b) Work involving asbestos, if the asbestos concerned is friable
and is or has been used in connection with lagging around boilers,
ducts, furnaces, or pipes:
(c) The demolition or maintenance of any thing, including a building
or a part of a building, containing friable asbestos:
(d) The encapsulation of materials containing friable asbestos:
(e) The use, on asbestos cement or other bonded product containing
asbestos, of-
(i) A power tool with any kind of cutting blade or abrasive device,
except when it is used with dust control equipment; or
(ii) Any other equipment whose use may result in the release of asbestos
dust, except when it is used with dust control equipment:
(f) Dry sanding of floor coverings containing asbestos. |
| Retail sale |
Includes sale by a wholesaler except when the sale
is to a person who buys those goods to sell again; and 'retail' has
a corresponding meaning. |
| Retractor |
A device to accommodate parts, or all, of the webbing
of a seatbelt. |
| Retrograde Condensation |
Phenomenon associated with the non-ideal behaviour
of a hydrocarbon mixture in the critical region wherein, at constant
temperature, the vapour phase in contact with the liquid may be condensed
by a decrease in pressure; or at constant pressure, the vapour is
condensed by an increase in temperature. NOTE: Retrograde condensation
of natural gas is the formation of liquid when gas is heated or pressure
is reduced. |
| Reversing lamp |
A lamp designed to illuminate the area behind a vehicle
while it is reversing and to warn other road users that the vehicle
is reversing or about to reverse. |
| RF |
Radio frequency. |
| RH |
Right hand. |
| RHOL |
Right Hand Ordinary Lay. |
| Rhodamine |
A red dye. |
| Rhythm |
Movements with a regular beat or cycle of strong and
weak elements. |
| RIA |
Radioimmunoassay. |
| Rigger/Dogger |
A person who has been instructed in the proper selection
of slings and the slinging of loads, and who understands the capabilities
of the crane with which he/she is working. A dogger is competent to
carry out elementary slinging or lifting tasks and the directing and
positioning of loads. |
| Rigging |
The use of mechanical load-shifting equipment and associated
gear to move, place or secure a load including plant, equipment, or
members of a building or structure and to ensure the stability of
those members, and for the setting up and dismantling of cranes and
hoists, other than the setting up of a crane or hoist which only requires
the positioning of external outriggers or stabilisers. |
| Rigid - inflatable boat |
An open or decked boat that: (a) has a rigid bottom
structure; and (b) has inflatable sides that chiefly ensure the intact
buoyancy of the boat; and (c) is propelled by an engine. |
| Rigid vehicle |
A vehicle with motive power, driver's position and
steering system, that does not have any pivot points to allow any
part of the chassis of the vehicle to move or rotate in relation to
any other part of the chassis of the vehicle; but includes a pivot
steer vehicle. |
| Rim width |
The section of a wheel on which the beads of a pneumatic
tyre are fitted. |
| Rim fitting line |
A narrow rib, part of the sidewall rubber running circumferentially
around a tyre just above the bead, used as a guide line to check that
a tyre when fitted to its wheel is correctly seated on the rim. |
| Rim flange |
The shoulders of the rim of a wheel which fit against
the face of the bead and which hold the tyre on the rim. |
| Ripping |
Pulling a steel tine through the soil to cultivate
it. |
| Ripping-mounding |
A combination of ripping and mounding to create a mound
of loose soil over a rip line; can be a continuous line or in spots.
|
| Risk |
The probability and magnitude of harmful consequences
arising from a hazard. The likelihood of a specified undesired event
occurring within a specified period or in specified circumstances.
The probability of harmful consequences arising from a hazard. In
quantitative terms, risk can be expressed in values from zero (no
possible harm) to one (certainty that harm will occur). In relation
to human health effects, risk is usually expressed as the probability
(or likelihood) of dying or developing a disease or injury as a result
of exposure to a hazard. For example, an acceptable health risk may
be regarded as a one in a million lifetime risk of developing cancer. |
| Risk analysis |
The systematic use of available information to determine
how often specified events may occur and the magnitude of their likely
consequences. |
| Risk assessment |
A widely used model to evaluate health hazards and
conditions of human exposure to it in order to both ascertain the
likelihood that exposed humans will be adversely affected, and to
characterise the nature of the effects they may experience. |
| Risk behaviour |
Specific forms of behaviour that are proven to be associated
with increased susceptibility to a specific injury, disease or form
of ill health. |
| Risk characterisation |
A combination of information obtained from the hazard
identification, dose-response assessment, and exposure assessment
to estimate the risk associated with each exposure scenario considered,
and to present information on uncertainties in the analysis for risk
management to proceed. |
| Risk communication |
The process of establishing two-way communication,
recognising that people's feelings and emotions are legitimate, involving
people in making decisions that directly affect them, informing and
advising Maori and other communities or people about risks and their
impact, and involving them in plans for managing the risk. |
| Risk factor |
An aspect of personal behaviour or lifestyle, an environmental
exposure or an inborn inherited characteristic that is associated
with an increased risk of a person developing a disease. |
| Risk factor for carcinogens |
The extra risk of getting cancer due to exposure substance;
set by the USEPA or the WHO. |
| Risk goods |
Any organism, organic material, or other thing, or
substance, that (by reason of its nature, origin, or other relevant
factors) it is reasonable to suspect constitutes, harbours, or contains
an organism that may
(a) cause unwanted harm to natural and physical resources or human
health in New Zealand; or
(b) interfere with the diagnosis, management, or treatment, in New
Zealand, of pests or unwanted organisms. |
| Risk management |
A process of setting priorities based on risk assessment,
establishing efficient and consistent risk reduction policies (taking
into account public perception of risk), evaluating the range of risk
reduction alternatives (including the social, economic and cultural
implication of options), identifying cost-effective risk reduction
measures, and identifying risk mitigation and contingency measures. |
| Risk perception |
Risk as seen by individuals or societal groups. Risk
perception cannot be reduced to a single parameter of a particular
aspect of risk, such as the product of the probabilities and consequences
of any event. Risk perception is inherently multi-dimensional and
personal, with a particular risk or hazard meaning different things
to different people, and different things in different contexts. |
| Risk reduction |
The selective application of appropriate techniques
and management principles to reduce the likelihood and/or the consequence
of an occurrence. |
| Risk species |
A risk species can be prescribed through regulations
under the HSNO Act, and applies only to situations where a species
is not already present in New Zealand and may have adverse effects
on the health and safety of people or the environment. |
| Risk-specific dose (RsD) |
A chronic daily intake of a chemical that can be interpreted
to result in a specific cancer risk, e.g. one in one million. In the
derivation of a RsD, the US EPA use probabilistic estimates of cancer
potency (such as the linearised multistage model), treating cancer
as a nonthreshold effect. |
| Rivet |
A pin with a head formed at one end which is inserted
into a hole drilled through two or more components, then deformed
at the other end to hold the components together. |
| RMA |
Resource Management Act 1991: an effects-based statute
focusing on sustainable environmental management. It is administered
by the Ministry for the Environment and largely implemented by local
authorities. |
| RMP |
Risk Management Programme. |
| Road |
Includes:
(a) a street; and
(b) a motorway; and
(c) a beach; and
(d) a place to which the public have access, whether as of right or
not; and
(e) all bridges, culverts, ferries, and fords forming part of a road
or street or motorway, or a place referred to in paragraph (d):
(f) all sites at which vehicles may be weighed for the purposes of
this Act [Land Transport Act] or any other enactment. |
| Road controlling authority |
In relation to a road, means the authority, body or
person having control of the road; and includes a person acting under
and within the terms of a delegation or authorisation given by the
controlling authority. |
| Roadworks zone |
A road or part of a road approved by a road controlling
authority as a site for carrying out road works, and that is protected
by temporary warning signs as specified in Part 1 of Schedule 4 of
the Traffic Regulations 1976. |
| Robot (industrial) |
A position-controlled, reprogrammable, multifunctional
manipulator capable of handling materials, parts, tools, or specialised
devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of
a variety of tasks. |
| ROC |
Photochemically-reactive organic compound. ROCs are
those VOCs which are precursors to ozone. |
| Rocket |
A class 1 category G pyrotechnic that is propelled
or designed to be propelled into the air on ignition; but does not
include model rockets or rockets propelled by a rocket motor with
a category C, J, or L classification. |
| Rockwool |
A fibrous product manufactured by a process of blowing
or spinning from a molten mass of rock, usually basalt. The resultant
fibres are subsequently collected as a mat of fibrous product. See
also SMF. |
| Rodenticide |
A rodent poison. |
| Roll |
A technique involving positioning a strop in such
a way that it causes a log to roll in a desired direction when the
rope is pulled (usually to clear an obstruction or to remove branches). |
| Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) |
A structure designed to be attached to, or form part
of, mobile plant for the purpose of reducing the possibility of an
operator, when also wearing a seatbelt, from being injured should
the plant roll over. |
| Roller bearing |
A rotary bearing composed of two steel rings separated
by steel rollers, to allow them to turn relative to each other. |
| Rongoa |
Traditional healing practice. |
| Root wad |
(Synonym: Root plate, root ball) The mass of roots
and soil which is exposed when a tree is wind-thrown or pushed over
without being severed or broken off from the stump. |
| Ro-ro cargo spaces |
On a ship, spaces not normally subdivided in any way
and extending to either a substantial length or the entire length
of the ship in which goods (packaged or in bulk, in or on rail or
road cars, vehicles (including road or rail tankers), trailers, containers,
pallets, demountable tanks or in or on similar stowage units or other
receptacles) can be loaded and unloaded normally in a horizontal direction. |
| Ro- ro passenger ship |
A passenger ship with ro-ro cargo spaces or special
category spaces. |
| Rotorcraft |
Any heavier-than-air aircraft which derives its lift
in flight from the reaction of the air on one or more rotors on substantially
vertical axes. |
| Rotor wash |
The down draft caused by a helicopter's main rotor
blades. |
| Roundwood |
Wood in the form of logs. Generally refers to material
to be used for poles or posts. |
| Routine diagnostic specimen |
A diagnostic specimen that has a low probability of
containing pathogens of risk group 2 or 3 (as defined by the World
Health Organisation) and is transported for routine screening tests
or initial diagnosis and includes specimens that are defined as routine
diagnostic specimens in guidelines issued by the relevant regulatory
authority. |
| RNP performance |
A containment value, expressed as a distance in nautical
miles from the intended position, within which flights would be for
at least 95% of the total flying time. |
| RPM |
Revolutions per minute. |
| RR |
Relative risk. |
| RTECS |
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, published
by NIOSH. |
| RTFEL |
Rubber-tyred front end loader. |
| RTI |
Road traffic injury. |
| Runner |
The groove in a plastics injection mould which connects
the sprue and the cavity gate. This term also names the plastic piece
formed in this channel. |
| Runners |
People who deliver written or verbal instructions
during a fire operation. |
| Running rigging |
Rope that passes around a sheave. |
| Running surface |
The part of a track or road which vehicles travel
on. |
| Runoff |
(1) A chainsaw cut curving to one side - generally
the result of incorrect sharpening.
(2) Surface water that runs off a hillside or down a track. |
| Runway |
A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared
for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. |
| Runway visual range |
The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the
centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings, or the
lights delineating the runway or identifying its centreline. |
| Rustband |
See Flap. |
